Swaveda

Manusmriti (Laws of Manu) · Chapter 8

Adhyaya 8: Civil and Criminal Law

Translated by Georg Bühler (1886, Sacred Books of the East Vol 25, public domain), 1886. Public domain.

Original script:
  1. 8.1

    व्यवहारान्दिदृक्षुस्तु ब्राह्मणैः सह पार्थिवः ।मन्त्रज्ञैर्मन्त्रिभिश्चैव विनीतः प्रविशेत्सभाम्

    vyavahārāndidṛkṣustu brāhmaṇaiḥ saha pārthivaḥ |mantrajñairmantribhiścaiva vinītaḥ praviśetsabhām

    I will now propound the eternal laws for a husband and his wife who keep to the path of duty, whether they be united or separated.

  2. 8.2

    तत्रासीनः स्थितो वापि पाणिं उद्यम्य दक्षिणम् ।विनीतवेषाभरणः पश्येत्कार्याणि कार्यिणाम्

    tatrāsīnaḥ sthito vāpi pāṇiṃ udyamya dakṣiṇam |vinītaveṣābharaṇaḥ paśyetkāryāṇi kāryiṇām

    Day and night women must be kept in depend-

  3. 8.3

    प्रत्यहं देशदृष्टैश्च शास्त्रदृष्टैश्च हेतुभिः ।अष्टादशसु मार्गेषु निबद्धानि पृथक्पृथक्

    pratyahaṃ deśadṛṣṭaiśca śāstradṛṣṭaiśca hetubhiḥ |aṣṭādaśasu mārgeṣu nibaddhāni pṛthakpṛthak

  4. 8.4

    तेषां आद्यं ऋणादानं निक्षेपोऽस्वामिविक्रयः ।संभूय च समुत्थानं दत्तस्यानपकर्म च

    teṣāṃ ādyaṃ ṛṇādānaṃ nikṣepo'svāmivikrayaḥ |saṃbhūya ca samutthānaṃ dattasyānapakarma ca

    « Non-payment of debts' (rzVzasya adanam, Nar., Nand.) may also be translated 'recovery of debts' (nVzasya adanam).

  5. 8.5

    वेतनस्यैव चादानं संविदश्च व्यतिक्रमः ।क्रयविक्रयानुशयो विवादः स्वामिपालयोः

    vetanasyaiva cādānaṃ saṃvidaśca vyatikramaḥ |krayavikrayānuśayo vivādaḥ svāmipālayoḥ

  6. 8.6

    सीमाविवादधर्मश्च पारुष्ये दण्डवाचिके ।स्तेयं च साहसं चैव स्त्रीसंग्रहणं एव च

    sīmāvivādadharmaśca pāruṣye daṇḍavācike |steyaṃ ca sāhasaṃ caiva strīsaṃgrahaṇaṃ eva ca

  7. 8.7

    स्त्रीपुंधर्मो विभागश्च द्यूतं आह्वय एव च ।पदान्यष्टादशैतानि व्यवहारस्थिताविह

    strīpuṃdharmo vibhāgaśca dyūtaṃ āhvaya eva ca |padānyaṣṭādaśaitāni vyavahārasthitāviha

    (16) Duties of man and wife, (17) partition (of inheritance), (18) gambling and betting; these are in this world the eighteen topics which give rise to lawsuits.

  8. 8.8

    एषु स्थानेषु भूयिष्ठं विवादं चरतां नृणाम् ।धर्मं शाश्वतं आश्रित्य कुर्यात्कार्यविनिर्णयम्

    eṣu sthāneṣu bhūyiṣṭhaṃ vivādaṃ caratāṃ nṛṇām |dharmaṃ śāśvataṃ āśritya kuryātkāryavinirṇayam

    Depending on the eternal law, let him decide the suits of men who mostly contend on the titles just mentioned.

  9. 8.9

    यदा स्वयं न कुर्यात्तु नृपतिः कार्यदर्शनम् ।तदा नियुञ्ज्याद्विद्वांसं ब्राह्मणं कार्यदर्शने

    yadā svayaṃ na kuryāttu nṛpatiḥ kāryadarśanam |tadā niyuñjyādvidvāṃsaṃ brāhmaṇaṃ kāryadarśane

    But if the king does not personally investigate the suits, then let him appoint a learned Brahma/za to try them.

  10. 8.10

    सोऽस्य कार्याणि संपश्येत्सभ्यैरेव त्रिभिर्वृतः ।सभां एव प्रविश्याग्र्यां आसीनः स्थित एव वा

    so'sya kāryāṇi saṃpaśyetsabhyaireva tribhirvṛtaḥ |sabhāṃ eva praviśyāgryāṃ āsīnaḥ sthita eva vā

    That (man) shall enter that most excellent court, accompanied by three assessors, and fully consider (all) causes (brought) before the (king), either sitting down or standing.

  11. 8.11

    यस्मिन्देशे निषीदन्ति विप्रा वेदविदस्त्रयः ।राज्ञश्चाधिकृतो विद्वान्ब्रह्मणस्तां सभां विदुः

    yasmindeśe niṣīdanti viprā vedavidastrayaḥ |rājñaścādhikṛto vidvānbrahmaṇastāṃ sabhāṃ viduḥ

    Where three Brahma^as versed in the Vedas and the learned (judge) appointed by the king sit down, they call that the court of (four-faced) Brahman.

  12. 8.12

    धर्मो विद्धस्त्वधर्मेण सभां यत्रोपतिष्ठते ।शल्यं चास्य न कृन्तन्ति विद्धास्तत्र सभासदः

    dharmo viddhastvadharmeṇa sabhāṃ yatropatiṣṭhate |śalyaṃ cāsya na kṛntanti viddhāstatra sabhāsadaḥ

    But where justice, wounded by injustice, ap- proaches and the judges do not extract the dart, there (they also) are wounded (by that dart of injustice).

  13. 8.13

    सभां वा न प्रवेष्टव्यं वक्तव्यं वा समञ्जसम् ।अब्रुवन्विब्रुवन्वापि नरो भवति किल्बिषी

    sabhāṃ vā na praveṣṭavyaṃ vaktavyaṃ vā samañjasam |abruvanvibruvanvāpi naro bhavati kilbiṣī

    Either the court must not be entered, or the truth must be spoken ; a man who either says nothing or speaks falsely, becomes sinful.

  14. 8.14

    यत्र धर्मो ह्यधर्मेण सत्यं यत्रानृतेन च ।हन्यते प्रेक्षमाणानां हतास्तत्र सभासदः

    yatra dharmo hyadharmeṇa satyaṃ yatrānṛtena ca |hanyate prekṣamāṇānāṃ hatāstatra sabhāsadaḥ

    Where justice is destroyed by injustice, or truth by falsehood, while the judges look on, there they shall also be destroyed.

  15. 8.15

    धर्म एव हतो हन्ति धर्मो रक्षति रक्षितः ।तस्माद्धर्मो न हन्तव्यो मा नो धर्मो हतोऽवधीत्

    dharma eva hato hanti dharmo rakṣati rakṣitaḥ |tasmāddharmo na hantavyo mā no dharmo hato'vadhīt

    'Justice, being violated, destroys; justice, being preserved, preserves : therefore justice must not be violated, lest violated justice destroy us.'

  16. 8.16

    वृषो हि भगवान्धर्मस्तस्य यः कुरुते ह्यलम् ।वृषलं तं विदुर्देवास्तस्माद्धर्मं न लोपयेत्

    vṛṣo hi bhagavāndharmastasya yaḥ kurute hyalam |vṛṣalaṃ taṃ vidurdevāstasmāddharmaṃ na lopayet

    For t divine justice (is said to be) a bull (vWsha) ; that (man) who violates it (kurute 'lam) the gods consider to be (a man despicable like) a ^udra (wzshala) ; let him, therefore, beware of vio-

  17. 8.17

    एक एव सुहृद्धर्मो निधानेऽप्यनुयाति यः ।शरीरेण समं नाशं सर्वं अन्यद्धि गच्छति

    eka eva suhṛddharmo nidhāne'pyanuyāti yaḥ |śarīreṇa samaṃ nāśaṃ sarvaṃ anyaddhi gacchati

    The only friend who follows men even after death is justice ; for everything else is lost at the same time when the body (perishes).

  18. 8.18

    पादोऽधर्मस्य कर्तारं पादः साक्षिणं ऋच्छति ।पादः सभासदः सर्वान्पादो राजानं ऋच्छति

    pādo'dharmasya kartāraṃ pādaḥ sākṣiṇaṃ ṛcchati |pādaḥ sabhāsadaḥ sarvānpādo rājānaṃ ṛcchati

    One quarter of (the guilt of) an unjust (deci- sion) falls on him who committed (the crime), one quarter on the (false) witness, one quarter on all the judges, one quarter on the king.

  19. 8.19

    राजा भवत्यनेनास्तु मुच्यन्ते च सभासदः ।एनो गच्छति कर्तारं निन्दार्हो यत्र निन्द्यते

    rājā bhavatyanenāstu mucyante ca sabhāsadaḥ |eno gacchati kartāraṃ nindārho yatra nindyate

    But where he who is worthy of condemnation is condemned, the king is free from guilt, and the judges are saved (from sin) ; the guilt falls on the perpetrator (of the crime alone).

  20. 8.20

    जातिमात्रोपजीवी वा कामं स्याद्ब्राह्मणब्रुवः ।धर्मप्रवक्ता नृपतेर्न तु शूद्रः कथं चन

    jātimātropajīvī vā kāmaṃ syādbrāhmaṇabruvaḥ |dharmapravaktā nṛpaterna tu śūdraḥ kathaṃ cana

    A Brahma^a who subsists only by the name of his caste (^ati), or one who merely calls himself a Brahma^a (though his origin be uncertain), may, at the king's pleasure, interpret the law to him, but

  21. 8.21

    यस्य शूद्रस्तु कुरुते राज्ञो धर्मविवेचनम् ।तस्य सीदति तद्राष्ट्रं पङ्के गौरिव पश्यतः

    yasya śūdrastu kurute rājño dharmavivecanam |tasya sīdati tadrāṣṭraṃ paṅke gauriva paśyataḥ

    The kingdom of that monarch, who looks on while a .Sudra settles the law, will sink (low), like a cow in a morass.

  22. 8.22

    यद्राष्ट्रं शूद्रभूयिष्ठं नास्तिकाक्रान्तं अद्विजम् ।विनश्यत्याशु तत्कृत्स्नं दुर्भिक्षव्याधिपीडितम्

    yadrāṣṭraṃ śūdrabhūyiṣṭhaṃ nāstikākrāntaṃ advijam |vinaśyatyāśu tatkṛtsnaṃ durbhikṣavyādhipīḍitam

    That kingdom where .Sudras are very nume- rous, which is infested by atheists and destitute of twice-born (inhabitants), soon entirely perishes, afflicted by famine and disease.

  23. 8.23

    धर्मासनं अधिष्ठाय संवीताङ्गः समाहितः ।प्रणम्य लोकपालेभ्यः कार्यदर्शनं आरभेत्

    dharmāsanaṃ adhiṣṭhāya saṃvītāṅgaḥ samāhitaḥ |praṇamya lokapālebhyaḥ kāryadarśanaṃ ārabhet

    Having occupied the seat of justice, having covered his body, and having worshipped the guardian deities of the world, let him, with a col- lected mind, begin the trial of causes.

  24. 8.24

    अर्थानर्थावुभौ बुद्ध्वा धर्माधर्मौ च केवलौ ।वर्णक्रमेण सर्वाणि पश्येत्कार्याणि कार्यिणाम्

    arthānarthāvubhau buddhvā dharmādharmau ca kevalau |varṇakrameṇa sarvāṇi paśyetkāryāṇi kāryiṇām

    Knowing what is expedient or inexpedient, what is pure justice or injustice, let him examine the causes of suitors according to the order of the castes (vama).

  25. 8.25

    बाह्यैर्विभावयेल्लिङ्गैर्भावं अन्तर्गतं नृणाम् ।स्वरवर्णेङ्गिताकारैश्चक्षुषा चेष्टितेन च

    bāhyairvibhāvayelliṅgairbhāvaṃ antargataṃ nṛṇām |svaravarṇeṅgitākāraiścakṣuṣā ceṣṭitena ca

    By external signs let him discover the in- ternal disposition of men, by their voice, their colour, their motions, their aspect, their eyes, and their gestures.

  26. 8.26

    आकारैरिङ्गितैर्गत्या चेष्टया भाषितेन च ।नेत्रवक्त्रविकारैश्च गृह्यतेऽन्तर्गतं मनः

    ākārairiṅgitairgatyā ceṣṭayā bhāṣitena ca |netravaktravikāraiśca gṛhyate'ntargataṃ manaḥ

    The internal (working of the) mind is per- ceived through the aspect, the motions, the gait, the gestures, the speech, and the changes in the eye and of the face.

  27. 8.27

    बालदायादिकं रिक्थं तावद्राजानुपालयेत् ।यावत्स स्यात्समावृत्तो यावच्चातीतशैशवः

    bāladāyādikaṃ rikthaṃ tāvadrājānupālayet |yāvatsa syātsamāvṛtto yāvaccātītaśaiśavaḥ

    The king shall protect the inherited (and other) property of a minor, until he has returned (from his teachers house) or until he has passed his minority.

  28. 8.28

    वशापुत्रासु चैवं स्याद्रक्षणं निष्कुलासु च ।पतिव्रतासु च स्त्रीषु विधवास्वातुरासु च

    vaśāputrāsu caivaṃ syādrakṣaṇaṃ niṣkulāsu ca |pativratāsu ca strīṣu vidhavāsvāturāsu ca

    In like manner care must be taken of barren^ women, of those who have no sons, of those whose family is extinct, of wives and widows faithful to their lords, and of women afflicted with diseases.

  29. 8.29

    जीवन्तीनां तु तासां ये तद्धरेयुः स्वबान्धवाः ।ताञ् शिष्याच्चौरदण्डेन धार्मिकः पृथिवीपतिः

    jīvantīnāṃ tu tāsāṃ ye taddhareyuḥ svabāndhavāḥ |tāñ śiṣyāccauradaṇḍena dhārmikaḥ pṛthivīpatiḥ

    A righteous king must punish like thieves those relatives who appropriate the property of such females during their lifetime.

  30. 8.30

    प्रणष्टस्वामिकं रिक्थं राजा त्र्यब्दं निधापयेत् ।अर्वाक्त्र्यब्दाद्धरेत्स्वामी परेण नृपतिर्हरेत्

    praṇaṣṭasvāmikaṃ rikthaṃ rājā tryabdaṃ nidhāpayet |arvāktryabdāddharetsvāmī pareṇa nṛpatirharet

    Property, the owner of which has disappeared, the king shall cause to be kept as a deposit during three years ; within the period of three years the owner may claim it, after (that term) the king may

  31. 8.31

    ममेदं इति यो ब्रूयात्सोऽनुयोज्यो यथाविधि ।संवाद्य रूपसंख्यादीन्स्वामी तद्द्रव्यं अर्हति

    mamedaṃ iti yo brūyātso'nuyojyo yathāvidhi |saṃvādya rūpasaṃkhyādīnsvāmī taddravyaṃ arhati

    He who says, ' This belongs to me/ must be examined according to the rule ; if he accurately describes the shape, and the number (of the articles found) and so forth, (he is) the owner, (and) ought (to

  32. 8.32

    अवेदयानो नष्टस्य देशं कालं च तत्त्वतः ।वर्णं रूपं प्रमाणं च तत्समं दण्डं अर्हति

    avedayāno naṣṭasya deśaṃ kālaṃ ca tattvataḥ |varṇaṃ rūpaṃ pramāṇaṃ ca tatsamaṃ daṇḍaṃ arhati

    But if he does not really know the time and the place (where it was) lost, its colour, shape, and size, he is worthy of a fine equal (in value) to the (object claimed).

  33. 8.33

    आददीताथ षड्भागं प्रनष्टाधिगतान्नृपः ।दशमं द्वादशं वापि सतां धर्मं अनुस्मरन्

    ādadītātha ṣaḍbhāgaṃ pranaṣṭādhigatānnṛpaḥ |daśamaṃ dvādaśaṃ vāpi satāṃ dharmaṃ anusmaran

    Now the king, remembering the duty of good men, may take one-sixth part of property lost and afterwards found, or one-tenth, or at least one-twelfth.

  34. 8.34

    प्रनष्टाधिगतं द्रव्यं तिष्ठेद्युक्तैरधिष्ठितम् ।यांस्तत्र चौरान्गृह्णीयात्तान्राजेभेन घातयेत्

    pranaṣṭādhigataṃ dravyaṃ tiṣṭhedyuktairadhiṣṭhitam |yāṃstatra caurāngṛhṇīyāttānrājebhena ghātayet

    Property lost and afterwards found (by the king's servants) shall remain in the keeping of (special) officials; those whom the king may con- vict of stealing it, he shall cause to be slain by an

  35. 8.35

    ममायं इति यो ब्रूयान्निधिं सत्येन मानवः ।तस्याददीत षड्भागं राजा द्वादशं एव वा

    mamāyaṃ iti yo brūyānnidhiṃ satyena mānavaḥ |tasyādadīta ṣaḍbhāgaṃ rājā dvādaśaṃ eva vā

    From that man who shall truly say with respect to treasure-trove, ! This belongs to me/ the king may take one-sixth or one-twelfth part.

  36. 8.36

    अनृतं तु वदन्दण्ड्यः स्ववित्तस्यांशं अष्टमम् ।तस्यैव वा निधानस्य संख्ययाल्पीयसीं कलाम्

    anṛtaṃ tu vadandaṇḍyaḥ svavittasyāṃśaṃ aṣṭamam |tasyaiva vā nidhānasya saṃkhyayālpīyasīṃ kalām

    But he who falsely says (so), shall be fined in one-eighth of his property, or, a calculation of (the value of) the treasure having been made, in some smaller portion (of that).

  37. 8.37

    विद्वांस्तु ब्राह्मणो दृष्ट्वा पूर्वोपनिहितं निधिम् ।अशेषतोऽप्याददीत सर्वस्याधिपतिर्हि सः

    vidvāṃstu brāhmaṇo dṛṣṭvā pūrvopanihitaṃ nidhim |aśeṣato'pyādadīta sarvasyādhipatirhi saḥ

    Medh., Gov., N&r. take, as Kull. points out, most improperly purvopanihitam, * deposited in former times,' to mean ' deposited by his ancestors.' The parallel passages of Visrmu and others are perfectly clear on the point.

  38. 8.38

    यं तु पश्येन्निधिं राजा पुराणं निहितं क्षितौ ।तस्माद्द्विजेभ्यो दत्त्वार्धं अर्धं कोशे प्रवेशयेत्

    yaṃ tu paśyennidhiṃ rājā purāṇaṃ nihitaṃ kṣitau |tasmāddvijebhyo dattvārdhaṃ ardhaṃ kośe praveśayet

    When the king finds treasure of old concealed in the ground, let him give one half to Brahma/zas jj and place the (other) half in his treasury. —4*

  39. 8.39

    निधीनां तु पुराणानां धातूनां एव च क्षितौ ।अर्धभाग्रक्षणाद्राजा भूमेरधिपतिर्हि सः

    nidhīnāṃ tu purāṇānāṃ dhātūnāṃ eva ca kṣitau |ardhabhāgrakṣaṇādrājā bhūmeradhipatirhi saḥ

    The king obtains one half of ancient hoards and metals (found) in the ground, by reason of Ragh.), or on the trouble which it gave (so also Gov.) and the king's compassion ; according to Kull. and Nar., on the virtues of

  40. 8.40

    दातव्यं सर्ववर्णेभ्यो राज्ञा चौरैर्हृतं धनम् ।राजा तदुपयुञ्जानश्चौरस्याप्नोति किल्बिषम्

    dātavyaṃ sarvavarṇebhyo rājñā caurairhṛtaṃ dhanam |rājā tadupayuñjānaścaurasyāpnoti kilbiṣam

    Property stolen by thieves must be restored by the king to (men of) all castes (vama) ; a king who uses such (property) for himself incurs the oaiilt of a thief.

  41. 8.41

    जातिजानपदान्धर्मान्श्रेणीधर्मांश्च धर्मवित् ।समीक्ष्य कुलधर्मांश्च स्वधर्मं प्रतिपादयेत्

    jātijānapadāndharmānśreṇīdharmāṃśca dharmavit |samīkṣya kuladharmāṃśca svadharmaṃ pratipādayet

    (A king) who knows the sacred law, must inquire into the laws of castes (^ati), of districts, of guilds, and of families, and (thus) settle the peculiar law of each.

  42. 8.42

    स्वानि कर्माणि कुर्वाणा दूरे सन्तोऽपि मानवाः ।प्रिया भवन्ति लोकस्य स्वे स्वे कर्मण्यवस्थिताः

    svāni karmāṇi kurvāṇā dūre santo'pi mānavāḥ |priyā bhavanti lokasya sve sve karmaṇyavasthitāḥ

    For men who follow their particular occupa- tions and abide by their particular duty, become dear to people, though they may live at a distance.

  43. 8.43

    नोत्पादयेत्स्वयं कार्यं राजा नाप्यस्य पुरुषः ।न च प्रापितं अन्येन ग्रसेदर्थं कथं चन

    notpādayetsvayaṃ kāryaṃ rājā nāpyasya puruṣaḥ |na ca prāpitaṃ anyena grasedarthaṃ kathaṃ cana

    Neither the king nor any servant of his shall because he is the lord of the earth/ as a distinct recognition of the principle that the ownership of all land is vested in the king. Medh. says, ' he is the lord of the soil (bhumi) ; it is just that a share should

  44. 8.44

    यथा नयत्यसृक्पातैर्मृगस्य मृगयुः पदम् ।नयेत्तथानुमानेन धर्मस्य नृपतिः पदम्

    yathā nayatyasṛkpātairmṛgasya mṛgayuḥ padam |nayettathānumānena dharmasya nṛpatiḥ padam

    As a hunter traces the lair of a (wounded) deer by the drops of blood, even so the king shall discover on which side the right lies, by inferences (from the facts).

  45. 8.45

    सत्यं अर्थं च संपश्येदात्मानं अथ साक्षिणः ।देशं रूपं च कालं च व्यवहारविधौ स्थितः

    satyaṃ arthaṃ ca saṃpaśyedātmānaṃ atha sākṣiṇaḥ |deśaṃ rūpaṃ ca kālaṃ ca vyavahāravidhau sthitaḥ

    When engaged in judicial proceedings he must pay full attention to the truth, to the object (of the dispute), (and) to himself, next to the wit- nesses, to the place, to the time, and to the aspect.

  46. 8.46

    सद्भिराचरितं यत्स्याद्धार्मिकैश्च द्विजातिभिः ।तद्देशकुलजातीनां अविरुद्धं प्रकल्पयेत्

    sadbhirācaritaṃ yatsyāddhārmikaiśca dvijātibhiḥ |taddeśakulajātīnāṃ aviruddhaṃ prakalpayet

    What may have been practised by the vir- tuous, by such twice-born men as are devoted to the law, that he shall establish as law, if it be not (Medh.), or 'the plaintiff or the defendant' (KulL), or 'any suitor/

  47. 8.47

    अधमर्णार्थसिद्ध्यर्थं उत्तमर्णेन चोदितः ।दापयेद्धनिकस्यार्थं अधमर्णाद्विभावितम्

    adhamarṇārthasiddhyarthaṃ uttamarṇena coditaḥ |dāpayeddhanikasyārthaṃ adhamarṇādvibhāvitam

    When a creditor sues (before the king) for the recovery of money from a debtor, let him make the debtor pay the sum which the creditor proves (to be due).

  48. 8.48

    यैर्यैरुपायैरर्थं स्वं प्राप्नुयादुत्तमर्णिकः ।तैर्तैरुपायैः संगृह्य दापयेदधमर्णिकम्

    yairyairupāyairarthaṃ svaṃ prāpnuyāduttamarṇikaḥ |tairtairupāyaiḥ saṃgṛhya dāpayedadhamarṇikam

    By whatever means a creditor may be able to obtain possession of his property, even by those means may he force the debtor and make him pay.

  49. 8.49

    धर्मेण व्यवहारेण छलेनाचरितेन च ।प्रयुक्तं साधयेदर्थं पञ्चमेन बलेन च

    dharmeṇa vyavahāreṇa chalenācaritena ca |prayuktaṃ sādhayedarthaṃ pañcamena balena ca

    By moral suasion, by suit of law, by artful management, or by the customary proceeding, a creditor may recover property lent; and fifthly, by force.

  50. 8.50

    यः स्वयं साधयेदर्थं उत्तमर्णोऽधमर्णिकात् ।न स राज्ञाभियोक्तव्यः स्वकं संसाधयन्धनम्

    yaḥ svayaṃ sādhayedarthaṃ uttamarṇo'dhamarṇikāt |na sa rājñābhiyoktavyaḥ svakaṃ saṃsādhayandhanam

    A creditor who himself recovers his property from his debtor, must not be blamed by the king for retaking what is his own.

  51. 8.51

    अर्थेऽपव्ययमानं तु करणेन विभावितम् ।दापयेद्धनिकस्यार्थं दण्डलेशं च शक्तितः

    arthe'pavyayamānaṃ tu karaṇena vibhāvitam |dāpayeddhanikasyārthaṃ daṇḍaleśaṃ ca śaktitaḥ

    But him who denies a debt which is proved by good evidence, he shall order to pay that debt twice-born men .... that he shall establish as law for countries, families, and . castes, if it is not opposed (to texts of the -Sruti and

  52. 8.52

    अपह्नवेऽधमर्णस्य देहीत्युक्तस्य संसदि ।अभियोक्ता दिशेद्देश्यं करणं वान्यदुद्दिशेत्

    apahnave'dhamarṇasya dehītyuktasya saṃsadi |abhiyoktā diśeddeśyaṃ karaṇaṃ vānyaduddiśet

    On the denial (of a debt) by a debtor who has been required in court to pay it, the complainant must call (a witness) who was present (when the loan was made), or adduce other evidence.

  53. 8.53

    अदेश्यं यश्च दिशति निर्दिश्यापह्नुते च यः ।यश्चाधरोत्तरानर्थान्विगीतान्नावबुध्यते

    adeśyaṃ yaśca diśati nirdiśyāpahnute ca yaḥ |yaścādharottarānarthānvigītānnāvabudhyate

    (The plaintiff) who calls a witness not present at the transaction, who retracts his statements, or does not perceive that his statements (are) confused or contradictory ;

  54. 8.54

    अपदिश्यापदेश्यं च पुनर्यस्त्वपधावति ।सम्यक्प्रणिहितं चार्थं पृष्टः सन्नाभिनन्दति

    apadiśyāpadeśyaṃ ca punaryastvapadhāvati |samyakpraṇihitaṃ cārthaṃ pṛṣṭaḥ sannābhinandati

    Or who having stated what he means to prove afterwards varies (his case), or who being questioned on a fact duly stated by himself does not abide by it ;

  55. 8.55

    असंभाष्ये साक्षिभिश्च देशे संभाषते मिथः ।निरुच्यमानं प्रश्नं च नेच्छेद्यश्चापि निष्पतेत्

    asaṃbhāṣye sākṣibhiśca deśe saṃbhāṣate mithaḥ |nirucyamānaṃ praśnaṃ ca necchedyaścāpi niṣpatet

    Or who converses with the witnesses in a place improper for such conversation ; or who declines to answer a question, properly put, or leaves (the court) ;

  56. 8.56

    ब्रूहीत्युक्तश्च न ब्रूयादुक्तं च न विभावयेत् ।न च पूर्वापरं विद्यात्तस्मादर्थात्स हीयते

    brūhītyuktaśca na brūyāduktaṃ ca na vibhāvayet |na ca pūrvāparaṃ vidyāttasmādarthātsa hīyate

    Or who, being ordered to speak, does not answer, or does not prove what he has alleged ; or who does not know what is the first (point), and what the second, fails in his suit.

  57. 8.57

    साक्षिणः सन्ति मेत्युक्त्वा दिशेत्युक्तो दिशेन्न यः ।धर्मस्थः कारणैरेतैर्हीनं तं अपि निर्दिशेत्

    sākṣiṇaḥ santi metyuktvā diśetyukto diśenna yaḥ |dharmasthaḥ kāraṇairetairhīnaṃ taṃ api nirdiśet

    Him also who says ( I have witnesses/ and,

  58. 8.58

    अभियोक्ता न चेद्ब्रूयाद्बध्यो दण्ड्यश्च धर्मतः ।न चेत्त्रिपक्षात्प्रब्रूयाद्धर्मं प्रति पराजितः

    abhiyoktā na cedbrūyādbadhyo daṇḍyaśca dharmataḥ |na cettripakṣātprabrūyāddharmaṃ prati parājitaḥ

    If a plaintiff does not speak, he may be punished corporally or fined according to the law ; if (a defendant) does not plead within three fort- nights, he has lost his cause.

  59. 8.59

    यो यावन्निह्नुवीतार्थं मिथ्या यावति वा वदेत् ।तौ नृपेण ह्यधर्मज्ञौ दाप्यो तद्द्विगुणं दमम्

    yo yāvannihnuvītārthaṃ mithyā yāvati vā vadet |tau nṛpeṇa hyadharmajñau dāpyo taddviguṇaṃ damam

    In the double of that sum which (a defendant) falsely denies or on which (the plaintiff) falsely de- clares, shall those two (men) offending against justice be fined by the king.

  60. 8.60

    पृष्टोऽपव्ययमानस्तु कृतावस्थो धनैषिणा ।त्र्यवरैः साक्षिभिर्भाव्यो नृपब्राह्मणसंनिधौ

    pṛṣṭo'pavyayamānastu kṛtāvastho dhanaiṣiṇā |tryavaraiḥ sākṣibhirbhāvyo nṛpabrāhmaṇasaṃnidhau

    (A defendant) who, being brought (into court) by the creditor, (and) being questioned, denies (the debt), shall be convicted (of his falsehood) by at least three witnesses (who must depose) in the pre-

  61. 8.61

    यादृशा धनिभिः कार्या व्यवहारेषु साक्षिणः ।तादृशान्संप्रवक्ष्यामि यथा वाच्यं ऋतं च तैः

    yādṛśā dhanibhiḥ kāryā vyavahāreṣu sākṣiṇaḥ |tādṛśānsaṃpravakṣyāmi yathā vācyaṃ ṛtaṃ ca taiḥ

    I will fully declare what kind of men may be made witnesses in suits by creditors, and in what manner those (witnesses) must give true (evidence).

  62. 8.62

    गृहिणः पुत्रिणो मौलाः क्षत्रविश्शूद्रयोनयः ।अर्थ्युक्ताः साक्ष्यं अर्हन्ति न ये के चिदनापदि

    gṛhiṇaḥ putriṇo maulāḥ kṣatraviśśūdrayonayaḥ |arthyuktāḥ sākṣyaṃ arhanti na ye ke cidanāpadi

    Householders, men with male issue, and indi- genous (inhabitants of the country, be they) Ksha- triyas, Vaiiyas, or .5udras, are competent, when called by a suitor, to give evidence, not any persons

  63. 8.63

    आप्ताः सर्वेषु वर्णेषु कार्याः कार्येषु साक्षिणः ।सर्वधर्मविदोऽलुब्धा विपरीतांस्तु वर्जयेत्

    āptāḥ sarveṣu varṇeṣu kāryāḥ kāryeṣu sākṣiṇaḥ |sarvadharmavido'lubdhā viparītāṃstu varjayet

    Trustworthy men of all the (four) castes (var/za) may be made witnesses in lawsuits, (men) who know (their) whole duty, and are free from covetousness ; but let him reject those (of an)

  64. 8.64

    नार्थसंबन्धिनो नाप्ता न सहाया न वैरिणः ।न दृष्टदोषाः कर्तव्या न व्याध्यार्ता न दूषिताः

    nārthasaṃbandhino nāptā na sahāyā na vairiṇaḥ |na dṛṣṭadoṣāḥ kartavyā na vyādhyārtā na dūṣitāḥ

    Those must not be made (witnesses) who have an interest in the suit, nor familiar (friends), companions, and enemies (of the parties), nor (men) formerly convicted (of perjury), nor (persons) suffer-

  65. 8.65

    न साक्षी नृपतिः कार्यो न कारुककुशीलवौ ।न श्रोत्रियो न लिङ्गस्थो न सङ्गेभ्यो विनिर्गतः

    na sākṣī nṛpatiḥ kāryo na kārukakuśīlavau |na śrotriyo na liṅgastho na saṅgebhyo vinirgataḥ

    The king cannot be made a witness, nor mechanics and actors, nor a 6Votriya, nor a student of the Veda, nor (an ascetic) who has given up (all) connexion (with the world),

  66. 8.66

    नाध्यधीनो न वक्तव्यो न दस्युर्न विकर्मकृत् ।न वृद्धो न शिशुर्नैको नान्त्यो न विकलेन्द्रियः

    nādhyadhīno na vaktavyo na dasyurna vikarmakṛt |na vṛddho na śiśurnaiko nāntyo na vikalendriyaḥ

    Nor one wholly dependent, nor one of bad fame, nor a Dasyu, nor one who follows forbidden

  67. 8.67

    नार्तो न मत्तो नोन्मत्तो न क्षुत्तृष्णोपपीडितः ।न श्रमार्तो न कामार्तो न क्रुद्धो नापि तस्करः

    nārto na matto nonmatto na kṣuttṛṣṇopapīḍitaḥ |na śramārto na kāmārto na kruddho nāpi taskaraḥ

    Nor one extremely grieved, nor one intoxi- cated, nor a madman, nor one tormented by hunger or thirst, nor one oppressed by fatigue, nor one tormented by desire, nor a wrathful man, nor a

  68. 8.68

    स्त्रीणां साक्ष्यं स्त्रियः कुर्युर्द्विजानां सदृशा द्विजाः ।शूद्राश्च सन्तः शूद्राणां अन्त्यानां अन्त्ययोनयः

    strīṇāṃ sākṣyaṃ striyaḥ kuryurdvijānāṃ sadṛśā dvijāḥ |śūdrāśca santaḥ śūdrāṇāṃ antyānāṃ antyayonayaḥ

    Women should give evidence for women, and for twice-born men twice-born men (of the) same (kind), virtuous ^udras for ,5udras, and men of the lowest castes for the lowest.

  69. 8.69

    अनुभावी तु यः कश्चित्कुर्यात्साक्ष्यं विवादिनाम् ।अन्तर्वेश्मन्यरण्ये वा शरीरस्यापि चात्यये

    anubhāvī tu yaḥ kaścitkuryātsākṣyaṃ vivādinām |antarveśmanyaraṇye vā śarīrasyāpi cātyaye

    But any person whatsoever, who has personal knowledge (of an act committed) in the interior apartments (of a house), or in a forest, or of (a crime causing) loss of life, may give evidence between the

  70. 8.70

    स्त्रियाप्यसंभावे कार्यं बालेन स्थविरेण वा ।शिष्येण बन्धुना वापि दासेन भृतकेन वा

    striyāpyasaṃbhāve kāryaṃ bālena sthavireṇa vā |śiṣyeṇa bandhunā vāpi dāsena bhṛtakena vā

    On failure (of qualified witnesses, evidence) Kull., Nar., Ragh.). Vaktavya, ' one of bad fame/ may according to Medh. also mean 'one afflicted with leprosy or some other bad disease.' Dasyu, i. e. 'a servant for wages' (Medh., Gov., Ragh.),

  71. 8.71

    बालवृद्धातुराणां च साक्ष्येषु वदतां मृषा ।जानीयादस्थिरां वाचं उत्सिक्तमनसां तथा

    bālavṛddhāturāṇāṃ ca sākṣyeṣu vadatāṃ mṛṣā |jānīyādasthirāṃ vācaṃ utsiktamanasāṃ tathā

    But the (judge) should consider the evidence of infants, aged and diseased men, who (are apt to) speak untruly, as untrustworthy, likewise that of men with disordered minds.

  72. 8.72

    साहसेषु च सर्वेषु स्तेयसंग्रहणेषु च ।वाग्दण्डयोश्च पारुष्ये न परीक्षेत साक्षिणः

    sāhaseṣu ca sarveṣu steyasaṃgrahaṇeṣu ca |vāgdaṇḍayośca pāruṣye na parīkṣeta sākṣiṇaḥ

    In all cases of violence, of theft and adultery, of defamation and assault, he must not examine the (competence of) witnesses (too strictly).

  73. 8.73

    बहुत्वं परिगृह्णीयात्साक्षिद्वैधे नराधिपः ।समेषु तु गुणोत्कृष्टान्गुणिद्वैधे द्विजोत्तमान्

    bahutvaṃ parigṛhṇīyātsākṣidvaidhe narādhipaḥ |sameṣu tu guṇotkṛṣṭānguṇidvaidhe dvijottamān

    On a conflict of the witnesses the king shall accept (as true) the (evidence of the) majority; if (the conflicting parties are) equal in number, (that of) those distinguished by good qualities ; on a dif-

  74. 8.74

    समक्षदर्शनात्साक्ष्यं श्रवणाच्चैव सिध्यति ।तत्र सत्यं ब्रुवन्साक्षी धर्मार्थाभ्यां न हीयते

    samakṣadarśanātsākṣyaṃ śravaṇāccaiva sidhyati |tatra satyaṃ bruvansākṣī dharmārthābhyāṃ na hīyate

    Evidence in accordance with what has actually been seen or heard, is admissible ; a witness who speaks truth in those (cases), neither loses spiritual merit nor wealth. ^-\ * u.

  75. 8.75

    साक्षी दृष्टश्रुतादन्यद्विब्रुवन्नार्यसंसदि ।अवाङ्नरकं अभ्येति प्रेत्य स्वर्गाच्च हीयते

    sākṣī dṛṣṭaśrutādanyadvibruvannāryasaṃsadi |avāṅnarakaṃ abhyeti pretya svargācca hīyate

    A witness who deposes in an assembly of ! f. honourable men (Arya) anything else but what he has seen or heard, falls after death headlong into | hell and loses heaven.

  76. 8.76

    यत्रानिबद्धोऽपीक्षेत शृणुयाद्वापि किं चन ।पृष्टस्तत्रापि तद्ब्रूयाद्यथादृष्टं यथाश्रुतम्

    yatrānibaddho'pīkṣeta śṛṇuyādvāpi kiṃ cana |pṛṣṭastatrāpi tadbrūyādyathādṛṣṭaṃ yathāśrutam

    When a man (originally) not appointed to be a witness sees or hears anything and is (afterwards) examined regarding it, he must declare it (exactly) as he saw or heard it.

  77. 8.77

    एकोऽलुब्धस्तु साक्षी स्याद्बह्व्यः शुच्योऽपि न स्त्रियः ।स्त्रीबुद्धेरस्थिरत्वात्तु दोषैश्चान्येऽपि ये वृताः

    eko'lubdhastu sākṣī syādbahvyaḥ śucyo'pi na striyaḥ |strībuddherasthiratvāttu doṣaiścānye'pi ye vṛtāḥ

  78. 8.78

    स्वभावेनैव यद्ब्रूयुस्तद्ग्राह्यं व्यावहारिकम् ।अतो यदन्यद्विब्रूयुर्धर्मार्थं तदपार्थकम्

    svabhāvenaiva yadbrūyustadgrāhyaṃ vyāvahārikam |ato yadanyadvibrūyurdharmārthaṃ tadapārthakam

    'Quite naturally,' i.e. 'not out of compassion, in the belief of gaining merit, or depending on women' (Medh.), or ' not out of fear and the like' (Kull.), or ' without hesitation, quickly' (Nar.). Gov. and Nand. explain it ' in accordance with the truth/

  79. 8.79

    सभान्तः साक्षिणः प्राप्तानर्थिप्रत्यर्थिसंनिधौ ।प्राड्विवाकोऽनुयुञ्जीत विधिनानेन सान्त्वयन्

    sabhāntaḥ sākṣiṇaḥ prāptānarthipratyarthisaṃnidhau |prāḍvivāko'nuyuñjīta vidhinānena sāntvayan

    The witnesses being assembled in the court in the presence of the plaintiff and of the defendant, let the judge examine them, kindly exhorting them in the following manner :

  80. 8.80

    यद्द्वयोरनयोर्वेत्थ कार्येऽस्मिंश्चेष्टितं मिथः ।तद्ब्रूत सर्वं सत्येन युष्माकं ह्यत्र साक्षिता

    yaddvayoranayorvettha kārye'smiṃśceṣṭitaṃ mithaḥ |tadbrūta sarvaṃ satyena yuṣmākaṃ hyatra sākṣitā

    ' What ye know to have been mutually trans- acted in this matter between the two men before us, declare all that in accordance with the truth ; for ye are witnesses in this (cause).

  81. 8.81

    सत्यं साक्ष्ये ब्रुवन्साक्षी लोकानाप्नोति पुष्कलान् ।इह चानुत्तमां कीर्तिं वागेषा ब्रह्मपूजिता

    satyaṃ sākṣye bruvansākṣī lokānāpnoti puṣkalān |iha cānuttamāṃ kīrtiṃ vāgeṣā brahmapūjitā

    'A witness who speaks the truth in his evi- dence, gains (after death) the most excellent regions (of bliss) and here (below) unsurpassable fame; such testimony is revered by Brahman (himself).

  82. 8.82

    साक्ष्येऽनृतं वदन्पाशैर्बध्यते वारुणैर्भृशम् ।विवशः शतं आजातीस्तस्मात्साक्ष्यं वदेदृतम्

    sākṣye'nṛtaṃ vadanpāśairbadhyate vāruṇairbhṛśam |vivaśaḥ śataṃ ājātīstasmātsākṣyaṃ vadedṛtam

    ' He who gfives false evidence is firmly bound by Varima's fetters, helpless during one hundred existences ; let (men therefore) give true evidence.

  83. 8.83

    सत्येन पूयते साक्षी धर्मः सत्येन वर्धते ।तस्मात्सत्यं हि वक्तव्यं सर्ववर्णेषु साक्षिभिः

    satyena pūyate sākṣī dharmaḥ satyena vardhate |tasmātsatyaṃ hi vaktavyaṃ sarvavarṇeṣu sākṣibhiḥ

    'By truthfulness a witness is purified, through truthfulness his merit grows ; truth must, therefore, be spoken by witnesses of all castes (var/za).

  84. 8.84

    आत्मैव ह्यात्मनः साक्षी गतिरात्मा तथात्मनः ।मावमंस्थाः स्वं आत्मानं नृणां साक्षिणं उत्तमम्

    ātmaiva hyātmanaḥ sākṣī gatirātmā tathātmanaḥ |māvamaṃsthāḥ svaṃ ātmānaṃ nṛṇāṃ sākṣiṇaṃ uttamam

    ' The Soul itself is the witness of the Soul, and the Soul is the refuge of the Soul ; despise not thy own Soul, the supreme witness of men.

  85. 8.85

    मन्यन्ते वै पापकृतो न कश्चित्पश्यतीति नः ।तांस्तु देवाः प्रपश्यन्ति स्वस्यैवान्तरपूरुषः

    manyante vai pāpakṛto na kaścitpaśyatīti naḥ |tāṃstu devāḥ prapaśyanti svasyaivāntarapūruṣaḥ

    ' The wicked, indeed, say in their hearts, " No- body sees us;" but the gods distinctly see them and the male within their own breasts.

  86. 8.86

    द्यौर्भूमिरापो हृदयं चन्द्रार्काग्नियमानिलाः ।रात्रिः संध्ये च धर्मश्च वृत्तज्ञाः सर्वदेहिनाम्

    dyaurbhūmirāpo hṛdayaṃ candrārkāgniyamānilāḥ |rātriḥ saṃdhye ca dharmaśca vṛttajñāḥ sarvadehinām

    ' The sky, the earth, the waters, (the male in) the heart, the moon, the sun, the fire, Yama and the wind, the night, the two twilights, and justice know the conduct of all corporeal beings/

  87. 8.87

    देवब्राह्मणसांनिध्ये साक्ष्यं पृच्छेदृतं द्विजान् ।उदङ्मुखान्प्राङ्मुखान्वा पूर्वाह्णे वै शुचिः शुचीन्

    devabrāhmaṇasāṃnidhye sākṣyaṃ pṛcchedṛtaṃ dvijān |udaṅmukhānprāṅmukhānvā pūrvāhṇe vai śuciḥ śucīn

  88. 8.88

    ब्रूहीति ब्राह्मणं पृच्छेत्सत्यं ब्रूहीति पार्थिवम् ।गोबीजकाञ्चनैर्वैश्यं शूद्रं सर्वैस्तु पातकैः

    brūhīti brāhmaṇaṃ pṛcchetsatyaṃ brūhīti pārthivam |gobījakāñcanairvaiśyaṃ śūdraṃ sarvaistu pātakaiḥ

    Let him examine a Brahma^a (beginning i with) ' Speak,' a Kshatriya (beginning with) ' Speak the truth,' a Vaisya (admonishing him) by (mention- ing) his kine, grain, and gold, a .Sudra (threatening

  89. 8.89

    ब्रह्मघ्नो ये स्मृता लोका ये च स्त्रीबालघातिनः ।मित्रद्रुहः कृतघ्नस्य ते ते स्युर्ब्रुवतो मृषा

    brahmaghno ye smṛtā lokā ye ca strībālaghātinaḥ |mitradruhaḥ kṛtaghnasya te te syurbruvato mṛṣā

    (Saying), 'Whatever places (of torment) are assigned (by the sages) to the slayer of a Brahma^a, to the murderer of women and children, to him who betrays a friend, and to an ungrateful man, those

  90. 8.90

    जन्मप्रभृति यत्किं चित्पुण्यं भद्र त्वया कृतम् ।तत्ते सर्वं शुनो गच्छेद्यदि ब्रूयास्त्वं अन्यथा

    janmaprabhṛti yatkiṃ citpuṇyaṃ bhadra tvayā kṛtam |tatte sarvaṃ śuno gacchedyadi brūyāstvaṃ anyathā

    ' (The reward) of all meritorious deeds which thou, good man, hast done since thy birth, shall be- come the share of the dogs, if in thy speech thou departest from the truth.

  91. 8.91

    एकोऽहं अस्मीत्यात्मानं यस्त्वं कल्याण मन्यसे ।नित्यं स्थितस्ते हृद्येष पुण्यपापेक्षिता मुनिः

    eko'haṃ asmītyātmānaṃ yastvaṃ kalyāṇa manyase |nityaṃ sthitaste hṛdyeṣa puṇyapāpekṣitā muniḥ

    'If thou thinkest, O friend of virtue, with re- spect to thyself, " I am alone," (know that) that sage who witnesses all virtuous acts and all crimes, ever resides in thy heart.

  92. 8.92

    यमो वैवस्वतो देवो यस्तवैष हृदि स्थितः ।तेन चेदविवादस्ते मा गङ्गां मा कुरून्गमः

    yamo vaivasvato devo yastavaiṣa hṛdi sthitaḥ |tena cedavivādaste mā gaṅgāṃ mā kurūngamaḥ

    'If thou art not at variance with that divine Yama, the son of Vivasvat, who dwells in thy heart, thou needest neither visit the Ganges nor the (land of the) Kurus.

  93. 8.93

    नग्नो मुण्डः कपालेन च भिक्षार्थी क्षुत्पिपासितः ।अन्धः शत्रुकुलं गच्छेद्यः साक्ष्यं अनृतं वदेत्

    nagno muṇḍaḥ kapālena ca bhikṣārthī kṣutpipāsitaḥ |andhaḥ śatrukulaṃ gacchedyaḥ sākṣyaṃ anṛtaṃ vadet

  94. 8.94

    अवाक्शिरास्तमस्यन्धे किल्बिषी नरकं व्रजेत् ।यः प्रश्नं वितथं ब्रूयात्पृष्टः सन्धर्मनिश्चये

    avākśirāstamasyandhe kilbiṣī narakaṃ vrajet |yaḥ praśnaṃ vitathaṃ brūyātpṛṣṭaḥ sandharmaniścaye

    ' Headlong, in utter darkness shall the sinful man tumble into hell, who being interrogated in a judicial inquiry answers one question falsely.

  95. 8.95

    अन्धो मत्स्यानिवाश्नाति स नरः कण्टकैः सह ।यो भाषतेऽर्थवैकल्यं अप्रत्यक्षं सभां गतः

    andho matsyānivāśnāti sa naraḥ kaṇṭakaiḥ saha |yo bhāṣate'rthavaikalyaṃ apratyakṣaṃ sabhāṃ gataḥ

    ' That man who in a court (of justice) gives an untrue account of a transaction (or asserts a fact) of which he was not an eye-witness, resembles a blind man who swallows fish with the bones.

  96. 8.96

    यस्य विद्वान्हि वदतः क्षेत्रज्ञो नाभिशङ्कते ।तस्मान्न देवाः श्रेयांसं लोकेऽन्यं पुरुषं विदुः

    yasya vidvānhi vadataḥ kṣetrajño nābhiśaṅkate |tasmānna devāḥ śreyāṃsaṃ loke'nyaṃ puruṣaṃ viduḥ

    ' The gods are acquainted with no better man kine, &c.' (Medh.), or ' with the guilt of the theft of kine, &c.' (Gov., Kull., Ragh.), or 'with the loss of his kine, &c/ (Nar.), or ' by making him touch a cow, &c.' (Nand.).

  97. 8.97

    यावतो बान्धवान्यस्मिन्हन्ति साक्ष्येऽनृतं वदन् ।तावतः संख्यया तस्मिन्शृणु सौम्यानुपूर्वशः

    yāvato bāndhavānyasminhanti sākṣye'nṛtaṃ vadan |tāvataḥ saṃkhyayā tasminśṛṇu saumyānupūrvaśaḥ

    * Learn now, O friend, from an enumeration in due order, how many relatives he destroys who gives false evidence in several particular cases.

  98. 8.98

    पञ्च पश्वनृते हन्ति दश हन्ति गवानृते ।शतं अश्वानृते हन्ति सहस्रं पुरुषानृते

    pañca paśvanṛte hanti daśa hanti gavānṛte |śataṃ aśvānṛte hanti sahasraṃ puruṣānṛte

    'He kills five by false testimony regarding (small) cattle, he kills ten by false testimony re- garding kine, he kills a hundred by false evidence concerning horses, and a thousand by false evidence

  99. 8.99

    हन्ति जातानजातांश्च हिरण्यार्थेऽनृतं वदन् ।सर्वं भूम्यनृते हन्ति मा स्म भूम्यनृतं वदीः

    hanti jātānajātāṃśca hiraṇyārthe'nṛtaṃ vadan |sarvaṃ bhūmyanṛte hanti mā sma bhūmyanṛtaṃ vadīḥ

    ' By speaking falsely in a cause regarding gold, he kills the born and the unborn; by false evidence concerning land, he kills everything ; be- ware, therefore, of false evidence concerning land.

  100. 8.100

    अप्सु भूमिवदित्याहुः स्त्रीणां भोगे च मैथुने ।अब्जेषु चैव रत्नेषु सर्वेष्वश्ममयेषु च

    apsu bhūmivadityāhuḥ strīṇāṃ bhoge ca maithune |abjeṣu caiva ratneṣu sarveṣvaśmamayeṣu ca

    'They declare (false evidence) concerning water, concerning the carnal enjoyment of women, and concerning all gems, produced in water, or con- sisting of stones (to be) equally (wicked) as a lie

  101. 8.101

    एतान्दोषानवेक्ष्य त्वं सर्वाननृतभाषणे ।यथाश्रुतं यथादृष्टं सर्वं एवाञ्जसा वद

    etāndoṣānavekṣya tvaṃ sarvānanṛtabhāṣaṇe |yathāśrutaṃ yathādṛṣṭaṃ sarvaṃ evāñjasā vada

    'Marking well all the evils (which are pro-

  102. 8.102

    गोरक्षकान्वाणिजिकांस्तथा कारुकुशीलवान् ।प्रेष्यान्वार्धुषिकांश्चैव विप्रान्शूद्रवदाचरेत्

    gorakṣakānvāṇijikāṃstathā kārukuśīlavān |preṣyānvārdhuṣikāṃścaiva viprānśūdravadācaret

    Brahma^as who tend cattle, who trade, who are mechanics, actors (or singers), menial servants or usurers, the (judge) shall treat like 6udras.

  103. 8.103

    तद्वदन्धर्मतोऽर्थेषु जानन्नप्यन्य्था नरः ।न स्वर्गाच्च्यवते लोकाद्दैवीं वाचं वदन्ति ताम्

    tadvadandharmato'rtheṣu jānannapyanythā naraḥ |na svargāccyavate lokāddaivīṃ vācaṃ vadanti tām

    In (some) cases a man who, though knowing (the facts to be) different, gives such (false evidence) from a pious motive, does not lose heaven ; such (evidence) they call the speech of the gods.

  104. 8.104

    शूद्रविट्क्षत्रविप्राणां यत्र र्तोक्तौ भवेद्वधः ।तत्र वक्तव्यं अनृतं तद्धि सत्याद्विशिष्यते

    śūdraviṭkṣatraviprāṇāṃ yatra rtoktau bhavedvadhaḥ |tatra vaktavyaṃ anṛtaṃ taddhi satyādviśiṣyate

    Whenever the death of a 6udra, of a Vaisya, of a Kshatriya, or of a Brahma^a would be (caused) by a declaration of the truth, a falsehood may be spoken ; for such (falsehood) is preferable to the

  105. 8.105

    वाग्गैवत्यैश्च चरुभिर्यजेरंस्ते सरस्वतीम् ।अनृतस्यैनसस्तस्य कुर्वाणा निष्कृतिं पराम्

    vāggaivatyaiśca carubhiryajeraṃste sarasvatīm |anṛtasyainasastasya kurvāṇā niṣkṛtiṃ parām

    Such (witnesses) must offer to Sarasvati obla- tions of boiled rice (/&aru) which are sacred to the god- dess of speech, (thus) performing the best penance in order to expiate the guilt of that falsehood.

  106. 8.106

    कूष्माण्डैर्वापि जुहुयाद्घृतं अग्नौ यथाविधि ।उदित्यृचा वा वारुण्या तृचेनाब्दैवतेन वा

    kūṣmāṇḍairvāpi juhuyādghṛtaṃ agnau yathāvidhi |udityṛcā vā vāruṇyā tṛcenābdaivatena vā

    Or such (a witness) may offer according to the rule clarified butter in the fire, reciting the Kushma^a texts, or the Rik, sacred to Vanma, ' Untie, O Varu/za, the uppermost fetter,' or the

  107. 8.107

    त्रिपक्षादब्रुवन्साक्ष्यं ऋणादिषु नरोऽगदः ।तदृणं प्राप्नुयात्सर्वं दशबन्धं च सर्वतः

    tripakṣādabruvansākṣyaṃ ṛṇādiṣu naro'gadaḥ |tadṛṇaṃ prāpnuyātsarvaṃ daśabandhaṃ ca sarvataḥ

    A man who, without being ill, does not give evidence in (cases of) loans and the like within three fortnights (after the summons), shall become respon-

  108. 8.108

    यस्य दृश्येत सप्ताहादुक्तवाक्यस्य साक्षिणः ।रोगोऽग्निर्ज्ञातिमरणं ऋणं दाप्यो दमं च सः

    yasya dṛśyeta saptāhāduktavākyasya sākṣiṇaḥ |rogo'gnirjñātimaraṇaṃ ṛṇaṃ dāpyo damaṃ ca saḥ

    The witness to whom, within seven days after he has given evidence, happens (a misfortune through) sickness, a fire, or the death of a relative, shall be made to pay the debt and a fine.

  109. 8.109

    असाक्षिकेषु त्वर्थेषु मिथो विवादमानयोः ।अविन्दंस्तत्त्वतः सत्यं शपथेनापि लम्भयेत्

    asākṣikeṣu tvartheṣu mitho vivādamānayoḥ |avindaṃstattvataḥ satyaṃ śapathenāpi lambhayet

    If two (parties) dispute about matters for which no witnesses are available, and the (judge) is unable to really ascertain the truth, he may cause it to be discovered even by an oath.

  110. 8.110

    महर्षिभिश्च देवैश्च कार्यार्थं शपथाः कृताः ।वसिष्ठश्चापि शपथं शेपे पैजवने नृपे

    maharṣibhiśca devaiśca kāryārthaṃ śapathāḥ kṛtāḥ |vasiṣṭhaścāpi śapathaṃ śepe paijavane nṛpe

  111. 8.111

    न वृथा शपथं कुर्यात्स्वल्पेऽप्यर्थे नरो बुधः ।वृथा हि शपथं कुर्वन्प्रेत्य चेह च नश्यति

    na vṛthā śapathaṃ kuryātsvalpe'pyarthe naro budhaḥ |vṛthā hi śapathaṃ kurvanpretya ceha ca naśyati

  112. 8.112

    कामिनीषु विवाहेषु गवां भक्ष्ये तथेन्धने ।ब्राह्मणाभ्युपपत्तौ च शपथे नास्ति पातकम्

    kāminīṣu vivāheṣu gavāṃ bhakṣye tathendhane |brāhmaṇābhyupapattau ca śapathe nāsti pātakam

    No crime, causing loss of caste, is committed by swearing (falsely) to women, the objects of one's desire, at marriages, for the sake of fodder for a cow, or of fuel, and in (order to show) favour to a

  113. 8.113

    सत्येन शापयेद्विप्रं क्षत्रियं वाहनायुधैः ।गोबीजकाञ्चनैर्वैश्यं शूद्रं सर्वैस्तु पातकैः

    satyena śāpayedvipraṃ kṣatriyaṃ vāhanāyudhaiḥ |gobījakāñcanairvaiśyaṃ śūdraṃ sarvaistu pātakaiḥ

    Let the (judge) cause a Brahma^a to swear by his veracity, a Kshatriya by his chariot or the animal he rides on and by his weapons, a Vaisya by his kine, grain, and gold, and a .Sudra by (impre-

  114. 8.114

    अग्निं वाहारयेदेनं अप्सु चैनं निमज्जयेत् ।पुत्रदारस्य वाप्येनं शिरांसि स्पर्शयेत्पृथक्

    agniṃ vāhārayedenaṃ apsu cainaṃ nimajjayet |putradārasya vāpyenaṃ śirāṃsi sparśayetpṛthak

    Or the (judge) may cause the (party) to carry fire or to dive under water, or severally to touch the heads of his wives and children.

  115. 8.115

    यं इद्धो न दहत्यग्निरापो नोन्मज्जयन्ति च ।न चार्तिं ऋच्छति क्षिप्रं स ज्ञेयः शपथे शुचिः

    yaṃ iddho na dahatyagnirāpo nonmajjayanti ca |na cārtiṃ ṛcchati kṣipraṃ sa jñeyaḥ śapathe śuciḥ

    He whom the blazing fire burns not, whom the water forces not to come (quickly) up, who meets with no speedy misfortune, must be held innocent on (the'strength of) his oath.

  116. 8.116

    वत्सस्य ह्यभिशस्तस्य पुरा भ्रात्रा यवीयसा ।नाग्निर्ददाह रोमापि सत्येन जगतः स्पशः

    vatsasya hyabhiśastasya purā bhrātrā yavīyasā |nāgnirdadāha romāpi satyena jagataḥ spaśaḥ

    For formerly when Vatsa was accused by his younger brother, the fire, the spy of the world, burned not even a hair (of his) by reason of his veracity.

  117. 8.117

    यस्मिन्यस्मिन्विवादे तु कौटसाक्ष्यं कृतं भवेत् ।तत्तत्कार्यं निवर्तेत कृतं चाप्यकृतं भवेत्

    yasminyasminvivāde tu kauṭasākṣyaṃ kṛtaṃ bhavet |tattatkāryaṃ nivarteta kṛtaṃ cāpyakṛtaṃ bhavet

    Vi. VIII, 40. 'Fines imposed must be remitted' (Gov., Kull., Nar.). VIII, 124. CIVIL AND CRIMINAL LAW; PROCEDURE. 275

  118. 8.118

    लोभान्मोहाद्भयान्मैत्रात्कामात्क्रोधात्तथैव च ।अज्ञानाद्बालभावाच्च साक्ष्यं वितथं उच्यते

    lobhānmohādbhayānmaitrātkāmātkrodhāttathaiva ca |ajñānādbālabhāvācca sākṣyaṃ vitathaṃ ucyate

    Evidence (given) from covetousness, distrac- tion, terror, friendship, lust, wrath, ignorance, and childishness is declared (to be) invalid.

  119. 8.119

    एषां अन्यतमे स्थाने यः साक्ष्यं अनृतं वदेत् ।तस्य दण्डविशेषांस्तु प्रवक्ष्याम्यनुपूर्वशः

    eṣāṃ anyatame sthāne yaḥ sākṣyaṃ anṛtaṃ vadet |tasya daṇḍaviśeṣāṃstu pravakṣyāmyanupūrvaśaḥ

    I will propound in (due) order the particular punishments for him who gives false evidence from any one of these motives.

  120. 8.120

    लोभात्सहस्रं दण्ड्यस्तु मोहात्पूर्वं तु साहसम् ।भयाद्द्वौ मध्यमौ दण्डौ मैत्रात्पूर्वं चतुर्गुणम्

    lobhātsahasraṃ daṇḍyastu mohātpūrvaṃ tu sāhasam |bhayāddvau madhyamau daṇḍau maitrātpūrvaṃ caturguṇam

    (He who commits perjury) through covetous- ness shall be fined one thousand (pa/zas), (he who does it) through distraction, in the lowest amerce- ment ; (if a man does it) through fear, two middling

  121. 8.121

    कामाद्दशगुणं पूर्वं क्रोधात्तु त्रिगुणं परम् ।अज्ञानाद्द्वे शते पूर्णे बालिश्याच्छतं एव तु

    kāmāddaśaguṇaṃ pūrvaṃ krodhāttu triguṇaṃ param |ajñānāddve śate pūrṇe bāliśyācchataṃ eva tu

    (He who does it) through lust, (shall pay) ten times the lowest amercement, but (he who does it) through wrath, three times the next (or second amercement); (he who does it) through ignorance,

  122. 8.122

    एतानाहुः कौटसाक्ष्ये प्रोक्तान्दण्डान्मनीषिभिः ।धर्मस्याव्यभिचारार्थं अधर्मनियमाय च

    etānāhuḥ kauṭasākṣye proktāndaṇḍānmanīṣibhiḥ |dharmasyāvyabhicārārthaṃ adharmaniyamāya ca

    They declare that the wise have prescribed these fines for perjury, in order to prevent a failure of justice, and in order to restrain injustice.

  123. 8.123

    कौटसाक्ष्यं तु कुर्वाणांस्त्रीन्वर्णान्धार्मिको नृपः ।प्रवासयेद्दण्डयित्वा ब्राह्मणं तु विवासयेत्

    kauṭasākṣyaṃ tu kurvāṇāṃstrīnvarṇāndhārmiko nṛpaḥ |pravāsayeddaṇḍayitvā brāhmaṇaṃ tu vivāsayet

    But a just king shall fine and banish (men of) the three (lower) castes (vama) who have given false evidence, but a Brahma^a he shall (only) banish.

  124. 8.124

    दश स्थानानि दण्डस्य मनुः स्वयंभुवोऽब्रवीत् ।त्रिषु वर्णेषु यानि स्युरक्षतो ब्राह्मणो व्रजेत्

    daśa sthānāni daṇḍasya manuḥ svayaṃbhuvo'bravīt |triṣu varṇeṣu yāni syurakṣato brāhmaṇo vrajet

    Manu, the son of the Self-existent (Svayam- bhu), has named ten places on which punishment 1 19-123. Yagn. II, 81.

  125. 8.125

    उपस्थं उदरं जिह्वा हस्तौ पादौ च पञ्चमम् ।चक्षुर्नासा च कर्णौ च धनं देहस्तथैव च

    upasthaṃ udaraṃ jihvā hastau pādau ca pañcamam |cakṣurnāsā ca karṇau ca dhanaṃ dehastathaiva ca

    (These are) the organ, the belly, the tongue, the two hands, and fifthly the two feet, the eye, the nose, the two ears, likewise the (whole) body.

  126. 8.126

    अनुबन्धं परिज्ञाय देशकालौ च तत्त्वतः ।सारापराधो चालोक्य दण्डं दण्ड्येषु पातयेत्

    anubandhaṃ parijñāya deśakālau ca tattvataḥ |sārāparādho cālokya daṇḍaṃ daṇḍyeṣu pātayet

    Let the (king), having fully ascertained the motive, the time and place (of the offence), and having considered the ability (of the criminal to suffer) and the (nature of the) crime, cause punish-

  127. 8.127

    अधर्मदण्डनं लोके यशोघ्नं कीर्तिनाशनम् ।अस्वर्ग्यं च परत्रापि तस्मात्तत्परिवर्जयेत्

    adharmadaṇḍanaṃ loke yaśoghnaṃ kīrtināśanam |asvargyaṃ ca paratrāpi tasmāttatparivarjayet

    Unjust punishment destroys reputation among men, and fame (after death), and causes even in the next world the loss of heaven ; let him, therefore, beware of (inflicting) it.

  128. 8.128

    अदण्ड्यान्दण्डयन्राजा दण्ड्यांश्चैवाप्यदण्डयन् ।अयशो महदाप्नोति नरकं चैव गच्छति

    adaṇḍyāndaṇḍayanrājā daṇḍyāṃścaivāpyadaṇḍayan |ayaśo mahadāpnoti narakaṃ caiva gacchati

    A king who punishes those who do not deserve it, and punishes not those who deserve it, brings great infamy on himself and (after death) sinks into hell.

  129. 8.129

    वाग्दण्डं प्रथमं कुर्याद्धिग्दण्डं तदनन्तरम् ।तृतीयं धनदण्डं तु वधदण्डं अतः परम्

    vāgdaṇḍaṃ prathamaṃ kuryāddhigdaṇḍaṃ tadanantaram |tṛtīyaṃ dhanadaṇḍaṃ tu vadhadaṇḍaṃ ataḥ param

    Let him punish first by (gentle) admonition, afterwards by (harsh) reproof, thirdly by a fine, after that by corporal chastisement. 1 30. But when he cannot restrain such (offenders)

  130. 8.130

    वधेनापि यदा त्वेतान्निग्रहीतुं न शक्नुयात् ।तदैषु सर्वं अप्येतत्प्रयुञ्जीत चतुष्टयम्

    vadhenāpi yadā tvetānnigrahītuṃ na śaknuyāt |tadaiṣu sarvaṃ apyetatprayuñjīta catuṣṭayam

  131. 8.131

    लोकसंव्यवहारार्थं याः संज्ञाः प्रथिता भुवि ।ताम्ररूप्यसुवर्णानां ताः प्रवक्ष्याम्यशेषतः

    lokasaṃvyavahārārthaṃ yāḥ saṃjñāḥ prathitā bhuvi |tāmrarūpyasuvarṇānāṃ tāḥ pravakṣyāmyaśeṣataḥ

    Those technical names of (certain quantities of) copper, silver, and gold, which are generally used

  132. 8.132

    जालान्तरगते भानौ यत्सूक्ष्मं दृश्यते रजः ।प्रथमं तत्प्रमाणानां त्रसरेणुं प्रचक्षते

    jālāntaragate bhānau yatsūkṣmaṃ dṛśyate rajaḥ |prathamaṃ tatpramāṇānāṃ trasareṇuṃ pracakṣate

    The very small mote which is seen when the sun shines through a lattice, they declare (to be) the least of (all) quantities and (to be called) a tra- sare^u (a floating particle of dust).

  133. 8.133

    त्रसरेणवोऽष्टौ विज्ञेया लिक्षैका परिमाणतः ।ता राजसर्षपस्तिस्रस्ते त्रयो गौरसर्षपः

    trasareṇavo'ṣṭau vijñeyā likṣaikā parimāṇataḥ |tā rājasarṣapastisraste trayo gaurasarṣapaḥ

    Know (that) eight trasare/ms (are equal) in bulk (to) a liksha (the egg of a louse) , three of those to one grain of black mustard (ra^asarshapa), and three of the latter to a white mustard-seed.

  134. 8.134

    सर्षपाः षड्यवो मध्यस्त्रियवं त्वेककृष्णलम् ।पञ्चकृष्णलको माषस्ते सुवर्णस्तु षोडश

    sarṣapāḥ ṣaḍyavo madhyastriyavaṃ tvekakṛṣṇalam |pañcakṛṣṇalako māṣaste suvarṇastu ṣoḍaśa

    The ktt'sh«ala or raktika (ratti) is still used by jewellers and goldsmiths. It corresponds to 0.122 grammes, or 1.875 grains.

  135. 8.135

    पलं सुवर्णाश्चत्वारः पलानि धरणं दश ।द्वे कृष्णले समधृते विज्ञेयो रौप्यमाषकः

    palaṃ suvarṇāścatvāraḥ palāni dharaṇaṃ daśa |dve kṛṣṇale samadhṛte vijñeyo raupyamāṣakaḥ

    Four suvar^as are one pala, and ten palas one dhara^a ; two krzsh#alas (of silver), weighed to- gether, must be considered one mashaka of silver.

  136. 8.136

    ते षोडश स्याद्धरणं पुराणश्चैव राजतः ।कार्षापणस्तु विज्ञेयस्ताम्रिकः कार्षिकः पणः

    te ṣoḍaśa syāddharaṇaṃ purāṇaścaiva rājataḥ |kārṣāpaṇastu vijñeyastāmrikaḥ kārṣikaḥ paṇaḥ

    Sixteen of those make a silver dhara/za, or pura/za ; but know (that) a karsha of copper is a karshapa/za, or pa^a.

  137. 8.137

    धरणानि दश ज्ञेयः शतमानस्तु राजतः ।चतुःसौवर्णिको निष्को विज्ञेयस्तु प्रमाणतः

    dharaṇāni daśa jñeyaḥ śatamānastu rājataḥ |catuḥsauvarṇiko niṣko vijñeyastu pramāṇataḥ

    Know (that) ten dhara^as of silver make one i-atamana ; four suvar/zas must be considered (equal) in weight to a nishka.

  138. 8.138

    पणानां द्वे शते सार्धे प्रथमः साहसः स्मृतः ।मध्यमः पञ्च विज्ञेयः सहस्रं त्वेव चोत्तमः

    paṇānāṃ dve śate sārdhe prathamaḥ sāhasaḥ smṛtaḥ |madhyamaḥ pañca vijñeyaḥ sahasraṃ tveva cottamaḥ

    Two hundred and fifty pa/zas are declared (to be) the first (or lowest) amercement, five (hun- dred) are considered as the mean (or middlemost), but one thousand as the highest.

  139. 8.139

    ऋणे देये प्रतिज्ञाते पञ्चकं शतं अर्हति ।अपह्नवे तद्द्विगुणं तन्मनोरनुशासनम्

    ṛṇe deye pratijñāte pañcakaṃ śataṃ arhati |apahnave taddviguṇaṃ tanmanoranuśāsanam

    A debt being admitted as due, (the defendant)

  140. 8.140

    वसिष्ठविहितां वृद्धिं सृजेद्वित्तविवर्धिनीम् ।अशीतिभागं गृह्णीयान्मासाद्वार्धुषिकः शते

    vasiṣṭhavihitāṃ vṛddhiṃ sṛjedvittavivardhinīm |aśītibhāgaṃ gṛhṇīyānmāsādvārdhuṣikaḥ śate

    A money-lender may stipulate as an increase of his capital, for the interest, allowed by Vasish/^a, and take monthly the eightieth part of a hundred.

  141. 8.141

    द्विकं शतं वा गृह्णीयात्सतां धर्मं अनुस्मरन् ।द्विकं शतं हि गृह्णानो न भवत्यर्थकिल्बिषी

    dvikaṃ śataṃ vā gṛhṇīyātsatāṃ dharmaṃ anusmaran |dvikaṃ śataṃ hi gṛhṇāno na bhavatyarthakilbiṣī

    Or, remembering the duty of good men, he may take two in the hundred (by the month), for he who takes two in the hundred becomes not a sinner for gain.

  142. 8.142

    द्विकं त्रिकं चतुष्कं च पञ्चकं च शतं समम् ।मासस्य वृद्धिं गृह्णीयाद्वर्णानां अनुपूर्वशः

    dvikaṃ trikaṃ catuṣkaṃ ca pañcakaṃ ca śataṃ samam |māsasya vṛddhiṃ gṛhṇīyādvarṇānāṃ anupūrvaśaḥ

    Just two in the hundred, three, four, and five (and not more), he may take as monthly interest according to the order of the castes (varaa).

  143. 8.143

    न त्वेवाधौ सोपकारे कौसीदीं वृद्धिं आप्नुयात् ।न चाधेः कालसंरोधान्निसर्गोऽस्ति न विक्रयः

    na tvevādhau sopakāre kausīdīṃ vṛddhiṃ āpnuyāt |na cādheḥ kālasaṃrodhānnisargo'sti na vikrayaḥ

    But if a beneficial pledge (i.e. one from which profit accrues, has been given), he shall receive no interest on the loan ; nor can he, after keeping (such) a pledge for a very long time, give

  144. 8.144

    न भोक्तव्यो बलादाधिर्भुञ्जानो वृद्धिं उत्सृजेत् ।मूल्येन तोषयेच्चैनं आधिस्तेनोऽन्यथा भवेत्

    na bhoktavyo balādādhirbhuñjāno vṛddhiṃ utsṛjet |mūlyena toṣayeccainaṃ ādhisteno'nyathā bhavet

    A pledge (to be kept only) must not be used by force, (the creditor), so using it, shall give up his (whole) interest, or, (if it has been spoilt by use) he shall satisfy the (owner) by (paying its) original

  145. 8.145

    आधिश्चोपनिधिश्चोभौ न कालात्ययं अर्हतः ।अवहार्यौ भवेतां तौ दीर्घकालं अवस्थितौ

    ādhiścopanidhiścobhau na kālātyayaṃ arhataḥ |avahāryau bhavetāṃ tau dīrghakālaṃ avasthitau

    Neither a pledge nor a deposit can be lost by lapse of time ; they are both recoverable, though they have remained long (with the bailee).

  146. 8.146

    संप्रीत्या भुज्यमानानि न नश्यन्ति कदा चन ।धेनुरुष्ट्रो वहन्नश्वो यश्च दम्यः प्रयुज्यते

    saṃprītyā bhujyamānāni na naśyanti kadā cana |dhenuruṣṭro vahannaśvo yaśca damyaḥ prayujyate

    Things used with friendly assent, a cow, a camel, a riding-horse, and (a beast) made over for breaking in, are never lost (to the owner).

  147. 8.147

    यत्किं चिद्दशवर्षाणि संनिधौ प्रेक्षते धनी ।भुज्यमानं परैस्तूष्णीं न स तल्लब्धुं अर्हति

    yatkiṃ ciddaśavarṣāṇi saṃnidhau prekṣate dhanī |bhujyamānaṃ paraistūṣṇīṃ na sa tallabdhuṃ arhati

    (But in general) whatever (chattel) an owner sees enjoyed by others during ten years, while, though present, he says nothing, that (chattel) he shall not recover.

  148. 8.148

    अजडश्चेदपोगण्डो विषये चास्य भुज्यते ।भग्नं तद्व्यवहारेण भोक्ता तद्द्रव्यं अर्हति

    ajaḍaścedapogaṇḍo viṣaye cāsya bhujyate |bhagnaṃ tadvyavahāreṇa bhoktā taddravyaṃ arhati

    If (the owner is) neither an idiot nor a minor and if (his chattel) is enjoyed (by another) before his eyes, it is lost to him by law ; the adverse possessor shall retain that property.

  149. 8.149

    आधिः सीमा बालधनं निक्षेपोपनिधिः स्त्रियः ।राजस्वं श्रोत्रियस्वं च न भोगेन प्रणश्यति

    ādhiḥ sīmā bāladhanaṃ nikṣepopanidhiḥ striyaḥ |rājasvaṃ śrotriyasvaṃ ca na bhogena praṇaśyati

    A pledge, a boundary, the property of in- fants, an (open) deposit, a sealed deposit, women, the property of the king and the wealth of a ^rotriya are not lost in consequence of (adverse) enjoyment.

  150. 8.150

    यः स्वामिनाननुज्ञातं आधिं भूङ्क्तेऽविचक्षणः ।तेनार्धवृद्धिर्मोक्तव्या तस्य भोगस्य निष्कृतिः

    yaḥ svāminānanujñātaṃ ādhiṃ bhūṅkte'vicakṣaṇaḥ |tenārdhavṛddhirmoktavyā tasya bhogasya niṣkṛtiḥ

    The fool who uses a pledge without the per- mission of the owner, shall remit half of his interest, as a compensation for (such) use.

  151. 8.151

    कुसीदवृद्धिर्द्वैगुण्यं नात्येति सकृदाहृता ।धान्ये सदे लवे वाह्ये नातिक्रामति पञ्चताम्

    kusīdavṛddhirdvaiguṇyaṃ nātyeti sakṛdāhṛtā |dhānye sade lave vāhye nātikrāmati pañcatām

    In money transactions interest paid at one time (not by instalments) shall never exceed the double (of the principal) ; on grain, fruit, wool or hair, (and) beasts of burden it must not be more than

  152. 8.152

    कृतानुसारादधिका व्यतिरिक्ता न सिध्यति ।कुसीदपथं आहुस्तं पञ्चकं शतं अर्हति

    kṛtānusārādadhikā vyatiriktā na sidhyati |kusīdapathaṃ āhustaṃ pañcakaṃ śataṃ arhati

    Stipulated interest beyond the legal rate, being against (the law), cannot be recovered ; they call that a usurious way (of lending) ; (the lender) is (in no case) entitled to (more than) five in the

  153. 8.153

    नातिसांवत्सरीं वृद्धिं न चादृष्टां पुनर्हरेत् ।चक्रवृद्धिः कालवृद्धिः कारिता कायिका च या

    nātisāṃvatsarīṃ vṛddhiṃ na cādṛṣṭāṃ punarharet |cakravṛddhiḥ kālavṛddhiḥ kāritā kāyikā ca yā

    Let him not take interest beyond the year, nor such as is unapproved, nor compound interest, periodical interest, stipulated interest, and corporal interest.

  154. 8.154

    ऋणं दातुं अशक्तो यः कर्तुं इच्छेत्पुनः क्रियाम् ।स दत्त्वा निर्जितां वृद्धिं करणं परिवर्तयेत्

    ṛṇaṃ dātuṃ aśakto yaḥ kartuṃ icchetpunaḥ kriyām |sa dattvā nirjitāṃ vṛddhiṃ karaṇaṃ parivartayet

    He who, unable to pay a debt (at the fixed time), wishes to make a new contract, may renew the agreement, after paying the interest which is due.

  155. 8.155

    अदर्शयित्वा तत्रैव हिरण्यं परिवर्तयेत् ।यावती संभवेद्वृद्धिस्तावतीं दातुं अर्हति

    adarśayitvā tatraiva hiraṇyaṃ parivartayet |yāvatī saṃbhavedvṛddhistāvatīṃ dātuṃ arhati

    If he cannot pay the money (due as interest), he may insert it in the renewed (agreement) ; he must pay as much interest as may be due.

  156. 8.156

    चक्रवृद्धिं समारूढो देशकालव्यवस्थितः ।अतिक्रामन्देशकालौ न तत्फलं अवाप्नुयात्

    cakravṛddhiṃ samārūḍho deśakālavyavasthitaḥ |atikrāmandeśakālau na tatphalaṃ avāpnuyāt

    He who has made a contract to carry goods by a wheeled carriage for money and has agreed to a certain place or time, shall not reap that reward, if he does not keep to the place and the time (stipulated).

  157. 8.157

    समुद्रयानकुशला देशकालार्थदर्शिनः ।स्थापयन्ति तु यां वृद्धिं सा तत्राधिगमं प्रति

    samudrayānakuśalā deśakālārthadarśinaḥ |sthāpayanti tu yāṃ vṛddhiṃ sā tatrādhigamaṃ prati

    Whatever rate men fix, who are expert in sea-voyages and able to calculate (the profit) accord- ing to the place, the time, and the objects (carried), that (has legal force) in such cases with respect to

  158. 8.158

    यो यस्य प्रतिभूस्तिष्ठेद्दर्शनायेह मानवः ।अदर्शयन्स तं तस्य प्रयच्छेत्स्वधनादृणम्

    yo yasya pratibhūstiṣṭheddarśanāyeha mānavaḥ |adarśayansa taṃ tasya prayacchetsvadhanādṛṇam

    The man who becomes a surety in this (world) for the appearance of a (debtor), and pro- duces him not, shall pay the debt out of his own property.

  159. 8.159

    प्रातिभाव्यं वृथादानं आक्षिकं सौरिकां च यत् ।दण्डशुल्कावशेषं च न पुत्रो दातुं अर्हति

    prātibhāvyaṃ vṛthādānaṃ ākṣikaṃ saurikāṃ ca yat |daṇḍaśulkāvaśeṣaṃ ca na putro dātuṃ arhati

    But money due by a surety, or idly pro- mised, or lost at play, or due for spirituous liquor, or what remains unpaid of a fine and a tax or duty, the son (of the party owing it) shall not be

  160. 8.160

    दर्शनप्रातिभाव्ये तु विधिः स्यात्पूर्वचोदितः ।दानप्रतिभुवि प्रेते दायादानपि दापयेत्

    darśanaprātibhāvye tu vidhiḥ syātpūrvacoditaḥ |dānapratibhuvi prete dāyādānapi dāpayet

    This just mentioned rule shall apply to the case of a surety for appearance (only) ; if a surety for payment should die, the (judge) may compel even his heirs to discharge the debt.

  161. 8.161

    अदातरि पुनर्दाता विज्ञातप्रकृतावृणम् ।पश्चात्प्रतिभुवि प्रेते परीप्सेत्केन हेतुना

    adātari punardātā vijñātaprakṛtāvṛṇam |paścātpratibhuvi prete parīpsetkena hetunā

    On what account then is it that after the death of a surety other than for payment, whose explain £akravr*'ddhi, ' a contract to carry goods by a wheeled car- riage,' by ' compound interest;' and Medh. on verse 157 mentions

  162. 8.162

    निरादिष्टधनश्चेत्तु प्रतिभूः स्यादलंधनः ।स्वधनादेव तद्दद्यान्निरादिष्ट इति स्थितिः

    nirādiṣṭadhanaścettu pratibhūḥ syādalaṃdhanaḥ |svadhanādeva taddadyānnirādiṣṭa iti sthitiḥ

    If the surety had received money (from him for whom he stood bail) and had money enough (to pay), then (the heir of him) who received it, shall pay (the debt) out of his property ; that is the

  163. 8.163

    मत्तोन्मत्तार्ताध्यधीनैर्बालेन स्थविरेण वा ।असंबद्धकृतश्चैव व्यावहारो न सिध्यति

    mattonmattārtādhyadhīnairbālena sthavireṇa vā |asaṃbaddhakṛtaścaiva vyāvahāro na sidhyati

    A contract made by a person intoxicated, or insane, or grievously disordered (by disease and so forth), or wholly dependent, by an infant or very aged man, or by an unauthorised (party) is invalid.

  164. 8.164

    सत्या न भाषा भवति यद्यपि स्यात्प्रतिष्ठिता ।बहिश्चेद्भाष्यते धर्मान्नियताद्व्यवहारिकात्

    satyā na bhāṣā bhavati yadyapi syātpratiṣṭhitā |bahiścedbhāṣyate dharmānniyatādvyavahārikāt

    That agreement which has been made con- trary to the law or to the settled usage (of the virtuous), can have no legal force, though it be established (by proofs).

  165. 8.165

    योगाधमनविक्रीतं योगदानप्रतिग्रहम् ।यत्र वाप्युपधिं पश्येत्तत्सर्वं विनिवर्तयेत्

    yogādhamanavikrītaṃ yogadānapratigraham |yatra vāpyupadhiṃ paśyettatsarvaṃ vinivartayet

    A fraudulent mortgage or sale, a fraudulent gift or acceptance, and (any transaction) where he detects fraud, the (judge) shall declare null and void.

  166. 8.166

    ग्रहीता यदि नष्टः स्यात्कुटुम्बार्थे कृतो व्ययः ।दातव्यं बान्धवैस्तत्स्यात्प्रविभक्तैरपि स्वतः

    grahītā yadi naṣṭaḥ syātkuṭumbārthe kṛto vyayaḥ |dātavyaṃ bāndhavaistatsyātpravibhaktairapi svataḥ

    If the debtor be dead and (the money bor- rowed) was expended for the family, it must be paid by the relatives out of their own estate even if they are divided.

  167. 8.167

    कुटुम्बार्थेऽध्यधीनोऽपि व्यवहारं यं आचरेत् ।स्वदेशे वा विदेशे वा तं ज्यायान्न विचालयेत्

    kuṭumbārthe'dhyadhīno'pi vyavahāraṃ yaṃ ācaret |svadeśe vā videśe vā taṃ jyāyānna vicālayet

    Should even a person wholly dependent make a contract for the behoof of the family, the master (of the house), whether (living) in his own country or abroad, shall not rescind it.

  168. 8.168

    बलाद्दत्तं बलाद्भुक्तं बलाद्यच्चापि लेखितम् ।सर्वान्बलकृतानर्थानकृतान्मनुरब्रवीत्

    balāddattaṃ balādbhuktaṃ balādyaccāpi lekhitam |sarvānbalakṛtānarthānakṛtānmanurabravīt

    What is given by force, what is enjoyed by force, also what has been caused to be written by force, and all other transactions done by force, Man has declared void.

  169. 8.169

    त्रयः परार्थे क्लिश्यन्ति साक्षिणः प्रतिभूः कुलम् ।चत्वारस्तूपचीयन्ते विप्र आढ्यो वणिङ्नृपः

    trayaḥ parārthe kliśyanti sākṣiṇaḥ pratibhūḥ kulam |catvārastūpacīyante vipra āḍhyo vaṇiṅnṛpaḥ

    Three suffer for the sake of others, witnesses, a surety, and judges ; but four enrich themselves (through others), a Brahma^a, a money-lender, a merchant, and a king.

  170. 8.170

    अनादेयं नाददीत परिक्षीणोऽपि पार्थिवः ।न चादेयं समृद्धोऽपि सूक्ष्मं अप्यर्थं उत्सृजेत्

    anādeyaṃ nādadīta parikṣīṇo'pi pārthivaḥ |na cādeyaṃ samṛddho'pi sūkṣmaṃ apyarthaṃ utsṛjet

    No king, however indigent, shall take any- thing that ought not to be taken, nor shall he, " it must be repaid by the members of the family, though they may

  171. 8.171

    अनादेयस्य चादानादादेयस्य च वर्जनात् ।दौर्बल्यं ख्याप्यते राज्ञः स प्रेत्येह च नश्यति

    anādeyasya cādānādādeyasya ca varjanāt |daurbalyaṃ khyāpyate rājñaḥ sa pretyeha ca naśyati

    In consequence of his taking what ought not to be taken, or of his refusing what ought to be received, a king will be accused of weakness and perish in this (world) and after death.

  172. 8.172

    स्वादानाद्वर्णसंसर्गात्त्वबलानां च रक्षणात् ।बलं संजायते राज्ञः स प्रेत्येह च वर्धते

    svādānādvarṇasaṃsargāttvabalānāṃ ca rakṣaṇāt |balaṃ saṃjāyate rājñaḥ sa pretyeha ca vardhate

    By taking his due, by preventing the con- fusion of the castes (var^a), and by protecting the weak, the power of the king grows, and he prospers in this (world) and after death.

  173. 8.173

    तस्माद्यम इव स्वामी स्वयं हित्वा प्रियाप्रिये ।वर्तेत याम्यया वृत्त्या जितक्रोधो जितेन्द्रियः

    tasmādyama iva svāmī svayaṃ hitvā priyāpriye |varteta yāmyayā vṛttyā jitakrodho jitendriyaḥ

    Let the prince, therefore, like Yama, not heeding his own likings and dislikings, behave exactly like Yama, suppressing his anger and con- trolling himself.

  174. 8.174

    यस्त्वधर्मेण कार्याणि मोहात्कुर्यान्नराधिपः ।अचिरात्तं दुरात्मानं वशे कुर्वन्ति शत्रवः

    yastvadharmeṇa kāryāṇi mohātkuryānnarādhipaḥ |acirāttaṃ durātmānaṃ vaśe kurvanti śatravaḥ

    But that evil-minded king who in his folly decides causes unjustly, his enemies soon subjugate.

  175. 8.175

    कामक्रोधौ तु संयम्य योऽर्थान्धर्मेण पश्यति ।प्रजास्तं अनुवर्तन्ते समुद्रं इव सिन्धवः

    kāmakrodhau tu saṃyamya yo'rthāndharmeṇa paśyati |prajāstaṃ anuvartante samudraṃ iva sindhavaḥ

    If, subduing love and hatred, he decides the causes according to the law, (the hearts of) his subjects turn towards him as the rivers (run) towards the ocean.

  176. 8.176

    यः साधयन्तं छन्देन वेदयेद्धनिकं नृपे ।स राज्ञा तच्चतुर्भागं दाप्यस्तस्य च तद्धनम्

    yaḥ sādhayantaṃ chandena vedayeddhanikaṃ nṛpe |sa rājñā taccaturbhāgaṃ dāpyastasya ca taddhanam

    (The debtor) who complains to the king that his creditor recovers (the debt) independently (of the court), shall be compelled by the king to pay (as a fine) one quarter (of the sum) and to his

  177. 8.177

    कर्मणापि समं कुर्याद्धनिकायाधमर्णिकः ।समोऽवकृष्टजातिस्तु दद्याच्छ्रेयांस्तु तच्छनैः

    karmaṇāpi samaṃ kuryāddhanikāyādhamarṇikaḥ |samo'vakṛṣṭajātistu dadyācchreyāṃstu tacchanaiḥ

    Even by (personal) labour shall the debtor make good (what he owes) to his creditor, if he be of the same caste or of a lower one ; but

  178. 8.178

    अनेन विधिना राजा मिथो विवदतां नृणाम् ।साक्षिप्रत्ययसिद्धानि कार्याणि समतां नयेत्

    anena vidhinā rājā mitho vivadatāṃ nṛṇām |sākṣipratyayasiddhāni kāryāṇi samatāṃ nayet

    According to these rules let the king equit- ably decide between men, who dispute with each other the matters, which are proved by witnesses and (other) evidence.

  179. 8.179

    कुलजे वृत्तसंपन्ने धर्मज्ञे सत्यवादिनि ।महापक्षे धनिन्यार्ये निक्षेपं निक्षिपेद्बुधः

    kulaje vṛttasaṃpanne dharmajñe satyavādini |mahāpakṣe dhaninyārye nikṣepaṃ nikṣipedbudhaḥ

    A sensible man should make a deposit (only) with a person of (good) family, of good con- duct, well acquainted with the law, veracious, having many relatives, wealthy, and honourable (arya).

  180. 8.180

    यो यथा निक्षिपेद्धस्ते यं अर्थं यस्य मानवः ।स तथैव ग्रहीतव्यो यथा दायस्तथा ग्रहः

    yo yathā nikṣipeddhaste yaṃ arthaṃ yasya mānavaḥ |sa tathaiva grahītavyo yathā dāyastathā grahaḥ

    In whatever manner a person shall deposit anything in the hands of another, in the same manner ought the same thing to be received back (by the owner) ; as the delivery (was, so must be)

  181. 8.181

    यो निक्षेपं याच्यमानो निक्षेप्तुर्न प्रयच्छति ।स याच्यः प्राड्विवाकेन तन्निक्षेप्तुरसंनिधौ

    yo nikṣepaṃ yācyamāno nikṣepturna prayacchati |sa yācyaḥ prāḍvivākena tannikṣepturasaṃnidhau

    He who restores not his deposit to the depositor at his request, may be tried by the judge in the depositor's absence.

  182. 8.182

    साक्ष्यभावे प्रणिधिभिर्वयोरूपसमन्वितैः ।अपदेशैश्च संन्यस्य हिरण्यं तस्य तत्त्वतः

    sākṣyabhāve praṇidhibhirvayorūpasamanvitaiḥ |apadeśaiśca saṃnyasya hiraṇyaṃ tasya tattvataḥ

    On failure of witnesses let the (judge) actu- ally deposit gold with that (defendant) under some pretext or other through spies of suitable age and appearance (and afterwards demand it back).

  183. 8.183

    स यदि प्रतिपद्येत यथान्यस्तं यथाकृतम् ।न तत्र विद्यते किं चिद्यत्परैरभियुज्यते

    sa yadi pratipadyeta yathānyastaṃ yathākṛtam |na tatra vidyate kiṃ cidyatparairabhiyujyate

    If the (defendant) restores it in the manner and shape in which it was bailed, there is nothing

  184. 8.184

    तेषां न दद्याद्यदि तु तद्धिरण्यं यथाविधि ।उभौ निगृह्य दाप्यः स्यादिति धर्मस्य धारणा

    teṣāṃ na dadyādyadi tu taddhiraṇyaṃ yathāvidhi |ubhau nigṛhya dāpyaḥ syāditi dharmasya dhāraṇā

    But if he restores not that gold, as he ought, to those (spies), then he shall be compelled by force to restore both (deposits) ; that is a settled rule of law.

  185. 8.185

    निक्षेपोपनिधी नित्यं न देयौ प्रत्यनन्तरे ।नश्यतो विनिपाते तावनिपाते त्वनाशिनौ

    nikṣepopanidhī nityaṃ na deyau pratyanantare |naśyato vinipāte tāvanipāte tvanāśinau

    An open or a sealed deposit must never be returned to a near relative (of the depositor during the latter's lifetime) ; for if (the recipient) dies (with- out delivering them), they are lost, but if he does not

  186. 8.186

    स्वयं एव तु यौ दद्यान्मृतस्य प्रत्यनन्तरे ।न स राज्ञाभियोक्तव्यो न निक्षेप्तुश्च बन्धुभिः

    svayaṃ eva tu yau dadyānmṛtasya pratyanantare |na sa rājñābhiyoktavyo na nikṣeptuśca bandhubhiḥ

    But (a depositary) who of his own accord returns them to a near relative of a deceased (depositor), must not be harassed (about them) by the king or by the depositors relatives.

  187. 8.187

    अच्छलेनैव चान्विच्छेत्तं अर्थं प्रीतिपूर्वकम् ।विचार्य तस्य वा वृत्तं साम्नैव परिसाधयेत्

    acchalenaiva cānvicchettaṃ arthaṃ prītipūrvakam |vicārya tasya vā vṛttaṃ sāmnaiva parisādhayet

    And (in doubtful cases) he should try to obtain that object by friendly means, without (having recourse to) artifice, or having inquired into the (depositary's) conduct, he should settle (the matter)

  188. 8.188

    निक्षेपेष्वेषु सर्वेषु विधिः स्यात्परिसाधने ।समुद्रे नाप्नुयात्किं चिद्यदि तस्मान्न संहरेत्

    nikṣepeṣveṣu sarveṣu vidhiḥ syātparisādhane |samudre nāpnuyātkiṃ cidyadi tasmānna saṃharet

    Such is the rule for obtaining back all those open deposits ; in the case of a sealed deposit (the depositary) shall incur no (censure), unless he has taken out something.

  189. 8.189

    चौरैर्हृतं जलेनोढं अग्निना दग्धं एव वा ।न दद्याद्यदि तस्मात्स न संहरति किं चन

    caurairhṛtaṃ jalenoḍhaṃ agninā dagdhaṃ eva vā |na dadyādyadi tasmātsa na saṃharati kiṃ cana

    (A deposit) which has been stolen by thieves

  190. 8.190

    निक्षेपस्यापहर्तारं अनिक्षेप्तारं एव च ।सर्वैरुपायैरन्विच्छेच्छपथैश्चैव वैदिकैः

    nikṣepasyāpahartāraṃ anikṣeptāraṃ eva ca |sarvairupāyairanvicchecchapathaiścaiva vaidikaiḥ

    Him who appropriates a deposit and him (who asks for it) without having made it, (the judge) shall try by all (sorts of) means, and by the oaths prescribed in the Veda.

  191. 8.191

    यो निक्षेपं नार्पयति यश्चानिक्षिप्य याचते ।तावुभौ चौरवच्छास्यौ दाप्यौ वा तत्समं दमम्

    yo nikṣepaṃ nārpayati yaścānikṣipya yācate |tāvubhau cauravacchāsyau dāpyau vā tatsamaṃ damam

    He who does not return a deposit and he who demands what he never bailed shall both be punished like thieves, or be compelled to pay a fine equal (to the value of the object retained or claimed).

  192. 8.192

    निक्षेपस्यापहर्तारं तत्समं दापयेद्दमम् ।तथोपनिधिहर्तारं अविशेषेण पार्थिवः

    nikṣepasyāpahartāraṃ tatsamaṃ dāpayeddamam |tathopanidhihartāraṃ aviśeṣeṇa pārthivaḥ

    The king should compel him who does not restore an open deposit, and in like manner him who retains a sealed deposit, to pay a fine equal (to its value).

  193. 8.193

    उपधाभिश्च यः कश्चित्परद्रव्यं हरेन्नरः ।ससहायः स हन्तव्यः प्रकाशं विविधैर्वधैः

    upadhābhiśca yaḥ kaścitparadravyaṃ harennaraḥ |sasahāyaḥ sa hantavyaḥ prakāśaṃ vividhairvadhaiḥ

    That man who by false pretences may possess himself of another's property, shall be pub- licly punished by various (modes of) corporal (or capital) chastisement, together with his accomplices.

  194. 8.194

    निक्षेपो यः कृतो येन यावांश्च कुलसंनिधौ ।तावानेव स विज्ञेयो विब्रुवन्दण्डं अर्हति

    nikṣepo yaḥ kṛto yena yāvāṃśca kulasaṃnidhau |tāvāneva sa vijñeyo vibruvandaṇḍaṃ arhati

    If a deposit of a particular description or quantity is bailed by anybody in the presence of a number (of witnesses), it must be known to be of that particular (description and quantity ; the de-

  195. 8.195

    मिथो दायः कृतो येन गृहीतो मिथ एव वा ।मिथ एव प्रदातव्यो यथा दायस्तथा ग्रहः

    mitho dāyaḥ kṛto yena gṛhīto mitha eva vā |mitha eva pradātavyo yathā dāyastathā grahaḥ

    But if anything is delivered or received privately, it must be privately returned ; as the bailment (was, so should be) the re-delivery.

  196. 8.196

    निक्षिप्तस्य धनस्यैवं प्रीत्योपनिहितस्य च ।राजा विनिर्णयं कुर्यादक्षिण्वन्न्यासधारिणम्

    nikṣiptasya dhanasyaivaṃ prītyopanihitasya ca |rājā vinirṇayaṃ kuryādakṣiṇvannyāsadhāriṇam

    Thus let the king decide (causes) concern- ing a deposit and a friendly loan (for use) without showing (undue) rigour to the depositary.

  197. 8.197

    विक्रीणीते परस्य स्वं योऽस्वामी स्वाम्यसम्मतः ।न तं नयेत साक्ष्यं तु स्तेनं अस्तेनमानिनम्

    vikrīṇīte parasya svaṃ yo'svāmī svāmyasammataḥ |na taṃ nayeta sākṣyaṃ tu stenaṃ astenamāninam

    If anybody sells the property of another man, without being the owner and without the assent of the owner, the (judge) shall not admit him who is a thief, though he may not consider himself

  198. 8.198

    अवहार्यो भवेच्चैव सान्वयः षट्शतं दमम् ।निरन्वयोऽनपसरः प्राप्तः स्याच्चौरकिल्बिषम्

    avahāryo bhaveccaiva sānvayaḥ ṣaṭśataṃ damam |niranvayo'napasaraḥ prāptaḥ syāccaurakilbiṣam

    If the (offender) is a kinsman (of the owner), he shall be fined six hundred pa^as ; if he is not a kins- man, nor has any excuse, he shall be guilty of theft. king's anger, by promising to obtain for them favours from the

  199. 8.199

    अस्वामिना कृतो यस्तु दायो विक्रय एव वा ।अकृतः स तु विज्ञेयो व्यवहारे यथा स्थितिः

    asvāminā kṛto yastu dāyo vikraya eva vā |akṛtaḥ sa tu vijñeyo vyavahāre yathā sthitiḥ

    A gift or sale, made by anybody else but the owner, must be considered as null and void, according to the rule in judicial proceedings.

  200. 8.200

    संभोगो दृश्यते यत्र न दृश्येतागमः क्व चित् ।आगमः कारणं तत्र न संभोग इति स्थितिः

    saṃbhogo dṛśyate yatra na dṛśyetāgamaḥ kva cit |āgamaḥ kāraṇaṃ tatra na saṃbhoga iti sthitiḥ

    Where possession is evident, but no title is perceived, there the title (shall be) a proof (of ownership), not possession ; such is the settled rule.

  201. 8.201

    विक्रयाद्यो धनं किं चिद्गृह्णीयत्कुलसंनिधौ ।क्रयेण स विशुद्धं हि न्यायतो लभते धनम्

    vikrayādyo dhanaṃ kiṃ cidgṛhṇīyatkulasaṃnidhau |krayeṇa sa viśuddhaṃ hi nyāyato labhate dhanam

    He who obtains a chattel in the market before a number (of witnesses), acquires that chattel with a clear legal title by purchase.

  202. 8.202

    अथ मूलं अनाहार्यं प्रकाशक्रयशोधितः ।अदण्ड्यो मुच्यते राज्ञा नाष्टिको लभते धनम्

    atha mūlaṃ anāhāryaṃ prakāśakrayaśodhitaḥ |adaṇḍyo mucyate rājñā nāṣṭiko labhate dhanam

    If the original (seller) be not producible, (the buyer) being exculpated by a public sale, must be dismissed by the king without punish- ment, but (the former owner) who lost the chattel

  203. 8.203

    नान्यदन्येन संसृष्ट रूपं विक्रयं अर्हति ।न चासारं न च न्यूनं न दूरेण तिरोहितम्

    nānyadanyena saṃsṛṣṭa rūpaṃ vikrayaṃ arhati |na cāsāraṃ na ca nyūnaṃ na dūreṇa tirohitam

    One commodity mixed with another must not be sold (as pure), nor a bad one (as good), nor less (than the proper quantity or weight), nor any- thing that is not at hand or that is concealed.

  204. 8.204

    अन्यां चेद्दर्शयित्वान्या वोढुः कन्या प्रदीयते ।उभे त एकशुल्केन वहेदित्यब्रवीन्मनुः

    anyāṃ ceddarśayitvānyā voḍhuḥ kanyā pradīyate |ubhe ta ekaśulkena vahedityabravīnmanuḥ

    If, after one damsel has been shown, another be given to the bridegroom, he may marry them both for the same price ; that Manu ordained.

  205. 8.205

    नोन्मत्ताया न कुष्ठिन्या न च या स्पृष्टमैथुना ।पूर्वं दोषानभिख्याप्य प्रदाता दण्डं अर्हति

    nonmattāyā na kuṣṭhinyā na ca yā spṛṣṭamaithunā |pūrvaṃ doṣānabhikhyāpya pradātā daṇḍaṃ arhati

    He who gives (a damsel in marriage), having first openly declared her blemishes, whether she be insane, or afflicted with leprosy, or have lost her virginity, is not liable to punishment.

  206. 8.206

    ऋत्विग्यदि वृतो यज्ञे स्वकर्म परिहापयेत् ।तस्य कर्मानुरूपेण देयोऽंशः सहकर्तृभिः

    ṛtvigyadi vṛto yajñe svakarma parihāpayet |tasya karmānurūpeṇa deyo'ṃśaḥ sahakartṛbhiḥ

    If an officiating priest, chosen to perform a sacrifice, abandons his work, a share only (of the fee) in proportion to the work (done) shall be given to him by those who work with him.

  207. 8.207

    दक्षिणासु च दत्तासु स्वकर्म परिहापयन् ।कृत्स्नं एव लभेतांशं अन्येनैव च कारयेत्

    dakṣiṇāsu ca dattāsu svakarma parihāpayan |kṛtsnaṃ eva labhetāṃśaṃ anyenaiva ca kārayet

    But he who abandons his work after the sacrificial fees have been given, shall obtain his full share and cause to be performed (what remains) by another (priest).

  208. 8.208

    यस्मिन्कर्मणि यास्तु स्युरुक्ताः प्रत्यङ्गदक्षिणाः ।स एव ता आदिदीत भजेरन्सर्व एव वा

    yasminkarmaṇi yāstu syuruktāḥ pratyaṅgadakṣiṇāḥ |sa eva tā ādidīta bhajeransarva eva vā

    But if (specific) fees are ordained for the several parts of a rite, shall he (who performs the part) receive them, or shall they all share them ?

  209. 8.209

    रथं हरेत्चाध्वर्युर्ब्रह्माधाने च वाजिनम् ।होता वापि हरेदश्वं उद्गाता चाप्यनः क्रये

    rathaṃ haretcādhvaryurbrahmādhāne ca vājinam |hotā vāpi haredaśvaṃ udgātā cāpyanaḥ kraye

    The Adhvaryu priest shall take the chariot, and the Brahman at the kindling of the fires (Agnya- dhana) a horse, the Hotri priest shall also take a horse, and the Udgatrz the cart, (used) when (the

  210. 8.210

    सर्वेषां अर्धिनो मुख्यास्तदर्धेनार्धिनोऽपरे ।तृतीयिनस्तृतीयांशाश्चतुर्थांशाश्च पादिनः

    sarveṣāṃ ardhino mukhyāstadardhenārdhino'pare |tṛtīyinastṛtīyāṃśāścaturthāṃśāśca pādinaḥ

    The (four) chief priests among all (the six- teen), who are entitled to one half, shall receive a moiety (of the fee), the next (four) one half of that, the set entitled to a third share, one third, and those

  211. 8.211

    संभूय स्वानि कर्माणि कुर्वद्भिरिह मानवैः ।अनेन विधियोगेन कर्तव्यांशप्रकल्पना

    saṃbhūya svāni karmāṇi kurvadbhiriha mānavaiḥ |anena vidhiyogena kartavyāṃśaprakalpanā

    Yagri. II, 259, 265. I.e. each is to be paid according to the amount of work which he performs.

  212. 8.212

    धर्मार्थं येन दत्तं स्यात्कस्मै चिद्याचते धनम् ।पश्चाच्च न तथा तत्स्यान्न देयं तस्य तद्भवेत्

    dharmārthaṃ yena dattaṃ syātkasmai cidyācate dhanam |paścācca na tathā tatsyānna deyaṃ tasya tadbhavet

    Should money be given (or promised) for a pious purpose by one man to another who asks for it, the gift shall be void, if the (money is) afterwards not (used) in the manner (stated).

  213. 8.213

    यदि संसाधयेत्तत्तु दर्पाल्लोभेन वा पुनः ।राज्ञा दाप्यः सुवर्णं स्यात्तस्य स्तेयस्य निष्कृतिः

    yadi saṃsādhayettattu darpāllobhena vā punaḥ |rājñā dāpyaḥ suvarṇaṃ syāttasya steyasya niṣkṛtiḥ

    But if the (recipient) through pride or greed tries to enforce (the fulfilment of the promise), he shall be compelled by the king to pay one suvar^a as an expiation for his theft.

  214. 8.214

    दत्तस्यैषोदिता धर्म्या यथावदनपक्रिया ।अत ऊर्ध्वं प्रवक्ष्यामि वेतनस्यानपक्रियाम्

    dattasyaiṣoditā dharmyā yathāvadanapakriyā |ata ūrdhvaṃ pravakṣyāmi vetanasyānapakriyām

    Thus the lawful subtraction of a gift has Brahman priest receives a swift horse at the Agnyadhana, and Nar. adds that the Hotrz' receives a horse at the £yotish/oma.

  215. 8.215

    भृतो नार्तो न कुर्याद्यो दर्पात्कर्म यथोदितम् ।स दण्ड्यः कृष्णलान्यष्टौ न देयं चास्य वेतनम्

    bhṛto nārto na kuryādyo darpātkarma yathoditam |sa daṇḍyaḥ kṛṣṇalānyaṣṭau na deyaṃ cāsya vetanam

    A hired (servant or workman) who, without being ill, out of pride fails to perform his work according to the agreement, shall be fined eight krzsb/zalas and no wages shall be paid to him.

  216. 8.216

    आर्तस्तु कुर्यात्स्वस्थः सन्यथाभाषितं आदितः ।स दीर्घस्यापि कालस्य तल्लभेतैव वेतनम्

    ārtastu kuryātsvasthaḥ sanyathābhāṣitaṃ āditaḥ |sa dīrghasyāpi kālasya tallabhetaiva vetanam

    But (if he is really) ill, (and) after recovery performs (his work) according to the original agree- ment, he shall receive his wages even after (the lapse of) a very long time.

  217. 8.217

    यथोक्तं आर्तः सुस्थो वा यस्तत्कर्म न कारयेत् ।न तस्य वेतनं देयं अल्पोनस्यापि कर्मणः

    yathoktaṃ ārtaḥ sustho vā yastatkarma na kārayet |na tasya vetanaṃ deyaṃ alponasyāpi karmaṇaḥ

    But if he, whether sick or well, does not (perform or) cause to be performed (by others) his work according to his agreement, the wages for that work shall not be given to him, even (if it be only)

  218. 8.218

    एष धर्मोऽखिलेनोक्तो वेतनादानकर्मणः ।अत ऊर्ध्वं प्रवक्ष्यामि धर्मं समयभेदिनाम्

    eṣa dharmo'khilenokto vetanādānakarmaṇaḥ |ata ūrdhvaṃ pravakṣyāmi dharmaṃ samayabhedinām

    Thus the law for the non-payment of wages has been completely stated ; I will next explain the law concerning men who break an agreement.

  219. 8.219

    यो ग्रामदेशसंघानां कृत्वा सत्येन संविदम् ।विसंवदेन्नरो लोभात्तं राष्ट्राद्विप्रवासयेत्

    yo grāmadeśasaṃghānāṃ kṛtvā satyena saṃvidam |visaṃvadennaro lobhāttaṃ rāṣṭrādvipravāsayet

    If a man belonging to a corporation inha- biting a village or a district, after swearing to an agreement, breaks it through avarice, (the king) shall banish him from his realm,

  220. 8.220

    निगृह्य दापयेच्चैनं समयव्यभिचारिणम् ।चतुःसुवर्णान्षण्निष्कांश्छतमानं च राजकम्

    nigṛhya dāpayeccainaṃ samayavyabhicāriṇam |catuḥsuvarṇānṣaṇniṣkāṃśchatamānaṃ ca rājakam

    And having imprisoned such a breaker of an agreement, he shall compel him to pay six

  221. 8.221

    एतद्दण्डविधिं कुर्याद्धार्मिकः पृथिवीपतिः ।ग्रामजातिसमूहेषु समयव्यभिचारिणाम्

    etaddaṇḍavidhiṃ kuryāddhārmikaḥ pṛthivīpatiḥ |grāmajātisamūheṣu samayavyabhicāriṇām

    A righteous king shall apply this law of fines in villages and castes (^"ati) to those who break an agreement.

  222. 8.222

    क्रीत्वा विक्रीय वा किं चिद्यस्येहानुशयो भवेत् ।सोऽन्तर्दशाहात्तद्द्रव्यं दद्याच्चैवाददीत वा

    krītvā vikrīya vā kiṃ cidyasyehānuśayo bhavet |so'ntardaśāhāttaddravyaṃ dadyāccaivādadīta vā

    If anybody in this (world), after buying or selling anything, repent (of his bargain), he may return or take (hack) that chattel within ten days.

  223. 8.223

    परेण तु दशाहस्य न दद्यान्नापि दापयेत् ।आददानो ददत्चैव राज्ञा दण्ड्यौ शतानि षट्

    pareṇa tu daśāhasya na dadyānnāpi dāpayet |ādadāno dadatcaiva rājñā daṇḍyau śatāni ṣaṭ

    But after (the lapse of) ten days he may neither give nor cause it to be given (back) ; both he who takes it (back) and he who gives it (back, except by consent) shall be fined by the king six

  224. 8.224

    यस्तु दोषवतीं कन्यां अनाख्याय प्रयच्छति ।तस्य कुर्यान्नृपो दण्डं स्वयं षण्णवतिं पणान्

    yastu doṣavatīṃ kanyāṃ anākhyāya prayacchati |tasya kuryānnṛpo daṇḍaṃ svayaṃ ṣaṇṇavatiṃ paṇān

    But the king himself shall impose a fine of ninety-six pa^as on him who gives a blemished damsel (to a suitor) without informing (him of the blemish).

  225. 8.225

    अकन्येति तु यः कन्यां ब्रूयाद्द्वेषेण मानवः ।स शतं प्राप्नुयाद्दण्डं तस्या दोषं अदर्शयन्

    akanyeti tu yaḥ kanyāṃ brūyāddveṣeṇa mānavaḥ |sa śataṃ prāpnuyāddaṇḍaṃ tasyā doṣaṃ adarśayan

    But that man who, out of malice, says of a maiden, ( She is not a maiden/ shall be fined one hundred (pa^as), if he cannot prove her blemish.

  226. 8.226

    पाणिग्रहणिका मन्त्राः कन्यास्वेव प्रतिष्ठिताः ।नाकन्यासु क्व चिन्नॄणां लुप्तधर्मक्रिया हि ताः

    pāṇigrahaṇikā mantrāḥ kanyāsveva pratiṣṭhitāḥ |nākanyāsu kva cinnṝṇāṃ luptadharmakriyā hi tāḥ

    The nuptial texts are applied solely to vir- gins, (and) nowhere among men to females who have lost their virginity, for such (females) are excluded from religious ceremonies.

  227. 8.227

    पाणिग्रहणिका मन्त्रा नियतं दारलक्षणम् ।तेषां निष्ठा तु विज्ञेया विद्वद्भिः सप्तमे पदे

    pāṇigrahaṇikā mantrā niyataṃ dāralakṣaṇam |teṣāṃ niṣṭhā tu vijñeyā vidvadbhiḥ saptame pade

    The nuptial texts are a certain proof (that a maiden has been made a lawful) wife ; but the learned should know that they (and the marriage- ceremony) are complete with the seventh step (of

  228. 8.228

    यस्मिन्यस्मिन्कृते कार्ये यस्येहानुशयो भवेत् ।तं अनेन विधानेन धर्म्ये पथि निवेशयेत्

    yasminyasminkṛte kārye yasyehānuśayo bhavet |taṃ anena vidhānena dharmye pathi niveśayet

    If anybody in this (world) repent of any completed transaction, (the king) shall keep him on the road of rectitude in accordance with the rules given above.

  229. 8.229

    पशुषु स्वामिनां चैव पालानां च व्यतिक्रमे ।विवादं संप्रवक्ष्यामि यथावद्धर्मतत्त्वतः

    paśuṣu svāmināṃ caiva pālānāṃ ca vyatikrame |vivādaṃ saṃpravakṣyāmi yathāvaddharmatattvataḥ

    I will fully declare in accordance with the true law (the rules concerning) the disputes, (arising) from the transgressions of owners of cattle and of herdsmen.

  230. 8.230

    दिवा वक्तव्यता पाले रात्रौ स्वामिनि तद्गृहे ।योगक्षेमेऽन्यथा चेत्तु पालो वक्तव्यतां इयात्

    divā vaktavyatā pāle rātrau svāmini tadgṛhe |yogakṣeme'nyathā cettu pālo vaktavyatāṃ iyāt

    During the day the responsibility for the safety (of the cattle rests) on the herdsman, during the night on the owner, (provided they are) in his house ; (if it be) otherwise, the herdsman will be

  231. 8.231

    गोपः क्षीरभृतो यस्तु स दुह्याद्दशतो वराम् ।गोस्वाम्यनुमते भृत्यः सा स्यात्पालेऽभृते भृतिः

    gopaḥ kṣīrabhṛto yastu sa duhyāddaśato varām |gosvāmyanumate bhṛtyaḥ sā syātpāle'bhṛte bhṛtiḥ

    A hired herdsman who is paid with milk, may milk with the consent of the owner the best (cow) out of ten ; such shall be his hire if no (other) wages (are paid).

  232. 8.232

    नष्टं विनष्टं कृमिभिः श्वहतं विषमे मृतम् ।हीनं पुरुषकारेण प्रदद्यात्पाल एव तु

    naṣṭaṃ vinaṣṭaṃ kṛmibhiḥ śvahataṃ viṣame mṛtam |hīnaṃ puruṣakāreṇa pradadyātpāla eva tu

    The herdsman alone shall make good (the loss of a beast) strayed, destroyed by worms, killed by dogs or (by falling) into a pit, if he did not duly exert himself (to prevent it).

  233. 8.233

    विघुष्य तु हृतं चौरैर्न पालो दातुं अर्हति ।यदि देशे च काले च स्वामिनः स्वस्य शंसति

    vighuṣya tu hṛtaṃ caurairna pālo dātuṃ arhati |yadi deśe ca kāle ca svāminaḥ svasya śaṃsati

    But for (an animal) stolen by thieves, though he raised an alarm, the herdsman shall not pay, provided he gives notice to his master at the proper place and time.

  234. 8.234

    कर्णौ चर्म च वालांश्च बस्तिं स्नायुं च रोचनाम् ।पशुषु स्वामिनां दद्यान्मृतेष्वङ्कानि दर्शयेत्

    karṇau carma ca vālāṃśca bastiṃ snāyuṃ ca rocanām |paśuṣu svāmināṃ dadyānmṛteṣvaṅkāni darśayet

    If cattle die, let him carry to his master their ears, skin, tails, bladders, tendons, and the yellow concrete bile, and let him point out their particular marks.

  235. 8.235

    अजाविके तु संरुद्धे वृकैः पाले त्वनायति ।यां प्रसह्य वृको हन्यात्पाले तत्किल्बिषं भवेत्

    ajāvike tu saṃruddhe vṛkaiḥ pāle tvanāyati |yāṃ prasahya vṛko hanyātpāle tatkilbiṣaṃ bhavet

    But if goats or sheep are surrounded by wolves and the herdsman does not hasten (to their assistance), he shall be responsible for any (animal) which a wolf may attack and kill.

  236. 8.236

    तासां चेदवरुद्धानां चरन्तीनां मिथो वने ।यां उत्प्लुत्य वृको हन्यान्न पालस्तत्र किल्बिषी

    tāsāṃ cedavaruddhānāṃ carantīnāṃ mitho vane |yāṃ utplutya vṛko hanyānna pālastatra kilbiṣī

    But if they, kept in (proper) order, graze together in the forest, and a wolf, suddenly jumping on one of them, kills it, the herdsman shall bear in that case no responsibility.

  237. 8.237

    धनुःशतं परीहारो ग्रामस्य स्यात्समन्ततः ।शम्यापातास्त्रयो वापि त्रिगुणो नगरस्य तु

    dhanuḥśataṃ parīhāro grāmasya syātsamantataḥ |śamyāpātāstrayo vāpi triguṇo nagarasya tu

    On all sides of a village a space, one hun- dred dhanus or three samya-throws (in breadth), shall be reserved (for pasture), and thrice (that space) round a town.

  238. 8.238

    तत्रापरिवृतं धान्यं विहिंस्युः पशवो यदि ।न तत्र प्रणयेद्दण्डं नृपतिः पशुरक्षिणाम्

    tatrāparivṛtaṃ dhānyaṃ vihiṃsyuḥ paśavo yadi |na tatra praṇayeddaṇḍaṃ nṛpatiḥ paśurakṣiṇām

    If the cattle do damage to unfenced crops on that (common), the king shall in that case not punish the herdsmen.

  239. 8.239

    वृतिं तत्र प्रकुर्वीत यां उष्ट्रो न विलोकयेत् ।छिद्रं च वारयेत्सर्वं श्वसूकरमुखानुगम्

    vṛtiṃ tatra prakurvīta yāṃ uṣṭro na vilokayet |chidraṃ ca vārayetsarvaṃ śvasūkaramukhānugam

    (The owner of the field) shall make there a hedge over which a camel cannot look, and stop

  240. 8.240

    पथि क्षेत्रे परिवृते ग्रामान्तीयेऽथ वा पुनः ।सपालः शतदण्डार्हो विपालान्वारयेत्पशून्

    pathi kṣetre parivṛte grāmāntīye'tha vā punaḥ |sapālaḥ śatadaṇḍārho vipālānvārayetpaśūn

    (If cattle do mischief) in an enclosed field near a highway or near a village, the herdsman shall be fined one hundred (pa/zas); (but cattle), unattended by a herdsman, (the watchman in the

  241. 8.241

    क्षेत्रेष्वन्येषु तु पशुः सपादं पणं अर्हति ।सर्वत्र तु सदो देयः क्षेत्रिकस्येति धारणा

    kṣetreṣvanyeṣu tu paśuḥ sapādaṃ paṇaṃ arhati |sarvatra tu sado deyaḥ kṣetrikasyeti dhāraṇā

    (For damage) in other fields (each head of) cattle shall (pay a fine of) one (pa/za) and a quarter, and in all (cases the value of) the crop (destroyed) shall be made good to the owner of the field ; that

  242. 8.242

    अनिर्दशाहां गां सूतां वृषान्देवपशूंस्तथा ।सपालान्वा विपालान्वा न दण्ड्यान्मनुरब्रवीत्

    anirdaśāhāṃ gāṃ sūtāṃ vṛṣāndevapaśūṃstathā |sapālānvā vipālānvā na daṇḍyānmanurabravīt

    But Manu has declared that no fine shall be paid for (damage done by) a cow within ten days after her calving, by bulls and by cattle sacred to the gods, whether they are attended by a herdsman

  243. 8.243

    क्षेत्रियस्यात्यये दण्डो भागाद्दशगुणो भवेत् ।ततोऽर्धदण्डो भृत्यानां अज्ञानात्क्षेत्रिकस्य तु

    kṣetriyasyātyaye daṇḍo bhāgāddaśaguṇo bhavet |tato'rdhadaṇḍo bhṛtyānāṃ ajñānātkṣetrikasya tu

    If (the crops are destroyed by) the husband- man's (own) fault, the fine shall amount to ten times as much as (the king's) share; but the fine (shall be) only half that amount if (the fault lay)

  244. 8.244

    एतद्विधानं आतिष्ठेद्धार्मिकः पृथिवीपतिः ।स्वामिनां च पशूनां च पालानां च व्यतिक्रमे

    etadvidhānaṃ ātiṣṭheddhārmikaḥ pṛthivīpatiḥ |svāmināṃ ca paśūnāṃ ca pālānāṃ ca vyatikrame

    To these rules a righteous king shall keep in (all cases of) transgressions by masters, their cattle, and herdsmen.

  245. 8.245

    सीमां प्रति समुत्पन्ने विवादे ग्रामयोर्द्वयोः ।ज्येष्ठे मासि नयेत्सीमां सुप्रकाशेषु सेतुषु

    sīmāṃ prati samutpanne vivāde grāmayordvayoḥ |jyeṣṭhe māsi nayetsīmāṃ suprakāśeṣu setuṣu

    If a dispute has arisen between two villages concerning a boundary, the king shall settle the limits in the month of Gyaish/^a, when the land- marks are most distinctly visible.

  246. 8.246

    सींआवृक्षांश्च कुर्वीत न्यग्रोधाश्वत्थकिंशुकान् ।शाल्मलीन्सालतालांश्च क्षीरिणश्चैव पादपान्

    sīṃāvṛkṣāṃśca kurvīta nyagrodhāśvatthakiṃśukān |śālmalīnsālatālāṃśca kṣīriṇaścaiva pādapān

    Let him mark the boundaries (by) trees, (e.g.) Nyagrodhas, Asvatthas, Ki^i-ukas, cotton - trees, .Salas, Palmyra palms, and trees with milky juice,

  247. 8.247

    गुल्मान्वेणूंश्च विविधान्शमीवल्लीस्थलानि च ।शरान्कुब्जकगुल्मांश्च तथा सीमा न नश्यति

    gulmānveṇūṃśca vividhānśamīvallīsthalāni ca |śarānkubjakagulmāṃśca tathā sīmā na naśyati

    By clustering shrubs, bamboos of different kinds, 6amis, creepers and raised mounds, reeds, thickets of Kub^aka ; thus the boundary will not be forgotten.

  248. 8.248

    तडागान्युदपानानि वाप्यः प्रस्रवणानि च । । ८.२४८अ[ं२५०] । ।सीमासंधिषु कार्याणि देवतायतनानि च

    taḍāgānyudapānāni vāpyaḥ prasravaṇāni ca | | 8.248a[ṃ250] | |sīmāsaṃdhiṣu kāryāṇi devatāyatanāni ca

    Tanks, wells,, cisterns, and fountains should be built where boundaries meet, as well as temples,

  249. 8.249

    उपछन्नानि चान्यानि सीमालिङ्गानि कारयेत् ।सीमाज्ञाने नृणां वीक्ष्य नित्यं लोके विपर्ययम्

    upachannāni cānyāni sīmāliṅgāni kārayet |sīmājñāne nṛṇāṃ vīkṣya nityaṃ loke viparyayam

    And as he will see that through mens igno- rance of the boundaries trespasses constantly occur in the world, let him cause to be made other hidden marks for boundaries,

  250. 8.250

    अश्मनोऽस्थीनि गोवालांस्तुषान्भस्म कपालिकाः ।करीषं इष्टकाङ्गारांश्शर्करा वालुकास्तथा

    aśmano'sthīni govālāṃstuṣānbhasma kapālikāḥ |karīṣaṃ iṣṭakāṅgārāṃśśarkarā vālukāstathā

    Stones, bones, cow's hair, chaff, ashes, pot- sherds, dry cowdung, bricks, cinders, pebbles, and sand, has allowed his crops to be eaten by cattle, or has not sown the

  251. 8.251

    यानि चैवंप्रकाराणि कालाद्भूमिर्न भक्षयेत् ।तानि संधिषु सीमायां अप्रकाशानि कारयेत्

    yāni caivaṃprakārāṇi kālādbhūmirna bhakṣayet |tāni saṃdhiṣu sīmāyāṃ aprakāśāni kārayet

    And whatever other things of a similar kind the earth does not corrode even after a long time, those he should cause to be buried where one boundary joins (the other).

  252. 8.252

    एतैर्लिङ्गैर्नयेत्सीमां राजा विवदमानयोः ।पूर्वभुक्त्या च सततं उदकस्यागमेन च

    etairliṅgairnayetsīmāṃ rājā vivadamānayoḥ |pūrvabhuktyā ca satataṃ udakasyāgamena ca

    By these signs, by long continued posses- sion, and by constantly flowing streams of water the king shall ascertain the boundary (of the land) of two disputing parties.

  253. 8.253

    यदि संशय एव स्याल्लिङ्गानां अपि दर्शने ।साक्षिप्रत्यय एव स्यात्सीमावादविनिर्णयः

    yadi saṃśaya eva syālliṅgānāṃ api darśane |sākṣipratyaya eva syātsīmāvādavinirṇayaḥ

    If there be a doubt even on inspection of the marks, the settlement of a dispute regarding boundaries shall depend on witnesses.

  254. 8.254

    ग्रामीयककुलानां च समक्षं सीम्नि साक्षिणः ।प्रष्टव्याः सीमलिङ्गानि तयोश्चैव विवादिनोः

    grāmīyakakulānāṃ ca samakṣaṃ sīmni sākṣiṇaḥ |praṣṭavyāḥ sīmaliṅgāni tayoścaiva vivādinoḥ

    The witnesses, (giving evidence) regarding a boundary, shall be examined concerning the land- marks in the presence of the crowd of the villagers and also of the two litigants.

  255. 8.255

    ते पृष्टास्तु यथा ब्रूयुः समस्ताः सीम्नि निश्चयम् ।निबध्नीयात्तथा सीमां सर्वांस्तांश्चैव नामतः

    te pṛṣṭāstu yathā brūyuḥ samastāḥ sīmni niścayam |nibadhnīyāttathā sīmāṃ sarvāṃstāṃścaiva nāmataḥ

    As they, being questioned, unanimously decide, even so he shall record the boundary (in writing), together with their names.

  256. 8.256

    शिरोभिस्ते गृहीत्वोर्वीं स्रग्विणो रक्तवाससः ।सुकृतैः शापिथाः स्वैः स्वैर्नयेयुस्ते समञ्जसम्

    śirobhiste gṛhītvorvīṃ sragviṇo raktavāsasaḥ |sukṛtaiḥ śāpithāḥ svaiḥ svairnayeyuste samañjasam

    Let them, putting earth on their heads, wearing chaplets (of red flowers) and red dresses, being sworn each by (the rewards for) his meritorious deeds, settle (the boundary) in accordance with the

  257. 8.257

    यथोक्तेन नयन्तस्ते पूयन्ते सत्यसाक्षिणः ।विपरीतं नयन्तस्तु दाप्याः स्युर्द्विशतं दमम्

    yathoktena nayantaste pūyante satyasākṣiṇaḥ |viparītaṃ nayantastu dāpyāḥ syurdviśataṃ damam

    If they determine (the boundary) in the

  258. 8.258

    साक्ष्यभावे तु चत्वारो ग्रामाः सामन्तवासिनः ।सीमाविनिर्णयं कुर्युः प्रयता राजसंनिधौ

    sākṣyabhāve tu catvāro grāmāḥ sāmantavāsinaḥ |sīmāvinirṇayaṃ kuryuḥ prayatā rājasaṃnidhau

    On failure of witnesses (from the two vil- lages, men of) the four neighbouring villages, who are pure, shall make (as witnesses) a decision con- cerning the boundary in the presence of the king.

  259. 8.259

    सामन्तानां अभावे तु मौलानां सीम्नि साक्षिणाम् ।इमानप्यनुयुञ्जीत पुरुषान्वनगोचरान्

    sāmantānāṃ abhāve tu maulānāṃ sīmni sākṣiṇām |imānapyanuyuñjīta puruṣānvanagocarān

    On failure of neighbours (who are) original inhabitants (of the country and can be) witnesses with respect to the boundary, (the king) may hear the evidence even of the following inhabitants of

  260. 8.260

    व्याधाञ् शाकुनिकान्गोपान्कैवर्तान्मूलखानकान् ।व्यालग्राहानुञ्छवृत्तीनन्यांश्च वनचारिणः

    vyādhāñ śākunikāngopānkaivartānmūlakhānakān |vyālagrāhānuñchavṛttīnanyāṃśca vanacāriṇaḥ

    (Viz.) hunters, fowlers, herdsmen, fishermen, root-diggers, snake-catchers, gleaners, and other foresters.

  261. 8.261

    ते पृष्टास्तु यथा ब्रूयुः सीमासंधिषु लक्षणम् ।तत्तथा स्थापयेद्राजा धर्मेण ग्रामयोर्द्वयोः

    te pṛṣṭāstu yathā brūyuḥ sīmāsaṃdhiṣu lakṣaṇam |tattathā sthāpayedrājā dharmeṇa grāmayordvayoḥ

    As they, being examined, declare the marks for the meeting of the boundaries (to be), even so the king shall justly cause them to be fixed between the two villages.

  262. 8.262

    क्षेत्रकूपतडागानां आरामस्य गृहस्य च ।सामन्तप्रत्ययो ज्ञेयः सीमासेतुविनिर्णयः

    kṣetrakūpataḍāgānāṃ ārāmasya gṛhasya ca |sāmantapratyayo jñeyaḥ sīmāsetuvinirṇayaḥ

    The decision concerning the boundary-marks of fields, wells, tanks, of gardens and houses depends upon (the evidence of) the neighbours.

  263. 8.263

    सामन्ताश्चेन्मृषा ब्रूयुः सेतौ विवादतां नृणाम् ।सर्वे पृथक्पृथग्दण्ड्या राज्ञा मध्यमसाहसम्

    sāmantāścenmṛṣā brūyuḥ setau vivādatāṃ nṛṇām |sarve pṛthakpṛthagdaṇḍyā rājñā madhyamasāhasam

    Should the neighbours give false evidence,

  264. 8.264

    गृहं तडागं आरामं क्षेत्रं वा भीषया हरन् ।शतानि पञ्च दण्ड्यः स्यादज्ञानाद्द्विशतो दमः

    gṛhaṃ taḍāgaṃ ārāmaṃ kṣetraṃ vā bhīṣayā haran |śatāni pañca daṇḍyaḥ syādajñānāddviśato damaḥ

    He who by intimidation possesses himself of a house, a tank, a garden, or a field, shall be fined five hundred (pa^as) ; (if he trespassed) through ignorance, the fine (shall be) two hundred (pa/zas).

  265. 8.265

    सीमायां अविषह्यायां स्वयं राजैव धर्मवित् ।प्रदिशेद्भूमिं एकेषां उपकारादिति स्थितिः

    sīmāyāṃ aviṣahyāyāṃ svayaṃ rājaiva dharmavit |pradiśedbhūmiṃ ekeṣāṃ upakārāditi sthitiḥ

    If the boundary cannot be ascertained (by any evidence), let a righteous king with (the inten- tion of) benefiting them (all), himself assign (his) land (to each) ; that is the settled rule.

  266. 8.266

    एषोऽखिलेनाभिहितो धर्मः सीमाविनिर्णये ।अत ऊर्ध्वं प्रवक्ष्यामि वाक्पारुष्यविनिर्णयम्

    eṣo'khilenābhihito dharmaḥ sīmāvinirṇaye |ata ūrdhvaṃ pravakṣyāmi vākpāruṣyavinirṇayam

    Thus the law for deciding boundary (dis- putes) has been fully declared, I will next propound the (manner of) deciding (cases of) defamation.

  267. 8.267

    शतं ब्राह्मणं आक्रुश्य क्षत्रियो दण्डं अर्हति ।वैश्योऽप्यर्धशतं द्वे वा शूद्रस्तु वधं अर्हति

    śataṃ brāhmaṇaṃ ākruśya kṣatriyo daṇḍaṃ arhati |vaiśyo'pyardhaśataṃ dve vā śūdrastu vadhaṃ arhati

    A Kshatriya, having defamed a Brahma^a, shall be fined one hundred (pa/zas) ; a VaLsya one hundred and fifty or two hundred ; a *Stidra shall suffer corporal punishment.

  268. 8.268

    पञ्चाशद्ब्राह्मणो दण्ड्यः क्षत्रियस्याभिशंसने ।वैश्ये स्यादर्धपञ्चाशच्छूद्रे द्वादशको दमः

    pañcāśadbrāhmaṇo daṇḍyaḥ kṣatriyasyābhiśaṃsane |vaiśye syādardhapañcāśacchūdre dvādaśako damaḥ

    A Brahma/za shall be fined fifty (pa/zas) for defaming a Kshatriya ; in (the case of) a VaLyya the fine shall be twenty-five (pa^as) ; in (the case of) a 6ildra twelve.

  269. 8.269

    समवर्णे द्विजातीनां द्वादशैव व्यतिक्रमे ।वादेष्ववचनीयेषु तदेव द्विगुणं भवेत्

    samavarṇe dvijātīnāṃ dvādaśaiva vyatikrame |vādeṣvavacanīyeṣu tadeva dviguṇaṃ bhavet

    For offences of twice-born men against those of equal caste (var^a, the fine shall be) also twelve (pa/zas) ; for speeches which ought not to be uttered, that (and every fine shall be) double.

  270. 8.270

    एकजातिर्द्विजातींस्तु वाचा दारुणया क्षिपन् ।जिह्वायाः प्राप्नुयाच्छेदं जघन्यप्रभवो हि सः

    ekajātirdvijātīṃstu vācā dāruṇayā kṣipan |jihvāyāḥ prāpnuyācchedaṃ jaghanyaprabhavo hi saḥ

    A once-born man (a ^udra), who insults a

  271. 8.271

    नामजातिग्रहं त्वेषां अभिद्रोहेण कुर्वतः ।निक्षेप्योऽयोमयः शङ्कुर्ज्वलन्नास्ये दशाङ्गुलः

    nāmajātigrahaṃ tveṣāṃ abhidroheṇa kurvataḥ |nikṣepyo'yomayaḥ śaṅkurjvalannāsye daśāṅgulaḥ

    If he mentions the names and castes (^ati) of the (twice-born) with contumely, an iron nail, ten fingers long, shall be thrust red-hot into his mouth.

  272. 8.272

    धर्मोपदेशं दर्पेण विप्राणां अस्य कुर्वतः ।तप्तं आसेचयेत्तैलं वक्त्रे श्रोत्रे च पार्थिवः

    dharmopadeśaṃ darpeṇa viprāṇāṃ asya kurvataḥ |taptaṃ āsecayettailaṃ vaktre śrotre ca pārthivaḥ

    If he arrogantly teaches Brahma/zas their duty, the king shall cause hot oil to be poured into his mouth and into his ears.

  273. 8.273

    श्रुतं देशं च जातिं च कर्म शरीरं एव च ।वितथेन ब्रुवन्दर्पाद्दाप्यः स्याद्द्विशतं दमम्

    śrutaṃ deśaṃ ca jātiṃ ca karma śarīraṃ eva ca |vitathena bruvandarpāddāpyaḥ syāddviśataṃ damam

    He who through arrogance makes false statements regarding the learning (of a caste-fellow), his country, his caste (^ati), or the rites by which his body was sanctified, shall be compelled to pay a fine

  274. 8.274

    काणं वाप्यथ वा खञ्जं अन्यं वापि तथाविधम् ।तथ्येनापि ब्रुवन्दाप्यो दण्डं कार्षापणावरम्

    kāṇaṃ vāpyatha vā khañjaṃ anyaṃ vāpi tathāvidham |tathyenāpi bruvandāpyo daṇḍaṃ kārṣāpaṇāvaram

    He who even in accordance with the true facts (contemptuously) calls another man one-eyed, lame, or the like (names), shall be fined at least one karshapa;za.

  275. 8.275

    मातरं पितरं जायां भ्रातरं तनयं गुरुम् ।आक्षारयञ् शतं दाप्यः पन्थानं चाददद्गुरोः

    mātaraṃ pitaraṃ jāyāṃ bhrātaraṃ tanayaṃ gurum |ākṣārayañ śataṃ dāpyaḥ panthānaṃ cādadadguroḥ

    He who defames his mother, his father, his wife, his brother, his son, or his teacher, and he who gives not the way to his preceptor, shall be com- pelled to pay one hundred (pa^as).

  276. 8.276

    ब्राह्मणक्षत्रियाभ्यां तु दण्डः कार्यो विजानता ।ब्राह्मणे साहसः पूर्वः क्षत्रिये त्वेव मध्यमः

    brāhmaṇakṣatriyābhyāṃ tu daṇḍaḥ kāryo vijānatā |brāhmaṇe sāhasaḥ pūrvaḥ kṣatriye tveva madhyamaḥ

    (For mutual abuse) by a Brahma/za and a origin of the -Sudra from Brahman's feet; see above, I, 31. Accord- ing to Medh. the expression ' once-born' includes men born from high-caste fathers and low-caste mothers.

  277. 8.277

    विट्शूद्रयोरेवं एव स्वजातिं प्रति तत्त्वतः ।छेदवर्जं प्रणयनं दण्डस्येति विनिश्चयः

    viṭśūdrayorevaṃ eva svajātiṃ prati tattvataḥ |chedavarjaṃ praṇayanaṃ daṇḍasyeti viniścayaḥ

    A VaLsya and a 6udra must be punished exactly in the same manner according to their re- spective castes, but the tongue (of the 6udra) shall not be cut out ; that is the decision.

  278. 8.278

    एष दण्डविधिः प्रोक्तो वाक्पारुष्यस्य तत्त्वतः ।अत ऊर्ध्वं प्रवक्ष्यामि दण्डपारुष्यनिर्णयम्

    eṣa daṇḍavidhiḥ prokto vākpāruṣyasya tattvataḥ |ata ūrdhvaṃ pravakṣyāmi daṇḍapāruṣyanirṇayam

    Thus the rules for punishments (applicable to cases) of defamation have been truly declared ; I will next propound the decision (of cases) of assault.

  279. 8.279

    येन केन चिदङ्गेन हिंस्याच्चेच्छ्रेष्ठं अन्त्यजः ।छेत्तव्यं तद्तदेवास्य तन्मनोरनुशासनम्

    yena kena cidaṅgena hiṃsyāccecchreṣṭhaṃ antyajaḥ |chettavyaṃ tadtadevāsya tanmanoranuśāsanam

    With whatever limb a man of a low caste does hurt to (a man of the three) highest (castes), even that limb shall be cut off; that is the teaching of Manu.

  280. 8.280

    पाणिं उद्यम्य दण्डं वा पाणिच्छेदनं अर्हति ।पादेन प्रहरन्कोपात्पादच्छेदनं अर्हति

    pāṇiṃ udyamya daṇḍaṃ vā pāṇicchedanaṃ arhati |pādena praharankopātpādacchedanaṃ arhati

    He who raises his hand or a stick, shall have his hand cut off; he who in anger kicks with his foot, shall have his foot cut off. ^j

  281. 8.281

    सहासनं अभिप्रेप्सुरुत्कृष्टस्यापकृष्टजः ।कट्यां कृताङ्को निर्वास्यः स्फिचं वास्यावकर्तयेत्

    sahāsanaṃ abhiprepsurutkṛṣṭasyāpakṛṣṭajaḥ |kaṭyāṃ kṛtāṅko nirvāsyaḥ sphicaṃ vāsyāvakartayet

    A low-caste man who tries to place himself on the same seat with a man of a high caste, shall jK be branded on his hip and be banished, or (the king) shall cause his buttock to be gashed.

  282. 8.282

    अवनिष्ठीवतो दर्पाद्द्वावोष्ठौ छेदयेन्नृपः ।अवमूत्रयतो मेढ्रं अवशर्धयतो गुदम्

    avaniṣṭhīvato darpāddvāvoṣṭhau chedayennṛpaḥ |avamūtrayato meḍhraṃ avaśardhayato gudam

    If out of arrogance he spits (on a superior), the king shall cause both his lips to be cut off; if he urines (on him), the penis ; if he breaks wind (against him), the anus.

  283. 8.283

    केशेषु गृह्णतो हस्तौ छेदयेदविचारयन् ।पादयोर्दाढिकायां च ग्रीवायां वृषणेषु च

    keśeṣu gṛhṇato hastau chedayedavicārayan |pādayordāḍhikāyāṃ ca grīvāyāṃ vṛṣaṇeṣu ca

    If he lays hold of the hair (of a superior), a/ let the (king) unhesitatingly cut off his hands, like- ^ wise (if he takes him) by the feet, the beard, the I neck, or the scrotum.

  284. 8.284

    त्वग्भेदकः शतं दण्ड्यो लोहितस्य च दर्शकः ।मांसभेत्ता तु षण्निष्कान्प्रवास्यस्त्वस्थिभेदकः

    tvagbhedakaḥ śataṃ daṇḍyo lohitasya ca darśakaḥ |māṃsabhettā tu ṣaṇniṣkānpravāsyastvasthibhedakaḥ

    He who breaks the skin (of an equal) or fetches blood (from him) shall be fined one hundred (pa/zas), he who cuts a muscle six nishkas, he who breaks a bone shall be banished.

  285. 8.285

    वनस्पतीनां सर्वेषां उपभोगो यथा यथा ।यथा तथा दमः कार्यो हिंसायां इति धारणा

    vanaspatīnāṃ sarveṣāṃ upabhogo yathā yathā |yathā tathā damaḥ kāryo hiṃsāyāṃ iti dhāraṇā

    According to the usefulness of the several (kinds of) trees a fine must be inflicted for injuring them ; that is the settled rule.

  286. 8.286

    मनुष्याणां पशूनां च दुःखाय प्रहृते सति ।यथा यथा महद्दुःखं दण्डं कुर्यात्तथा तथा

    manuṣyāṇāṃ paśūnāṃ ca duḥkhāya prahṛte sati |yathā yathā mahadduḥkhaṃ daṇḍaṃ kuryāttathā tathā

    If a blow is struck against men or animals in order to (give them) pain, (the judge) shall inflict a fine in proportion to the amount of pain (caused).

  287. 8.287

    अङ्गावपीडनायां च व्रणशोनितयोस्तथा ।समुत्थानव्ययं दाप्यः सर्वदण्डं अथापि वा

    aṅgāvapīḍanāyāṃ ca vraṇaśonitayostathā |samutthānavyayaṃ dāpyaḥ sarvadaṇḍaṃ athāpi vā

    If a limb is injured, a wound (is caused), or blood (flows, the assailant) shall be made to pay (to the sufferer) the expenses of the cure, or the whole (both the usual amercement and the expenses of the

  288. 8.288

    द्रव्याणि हिंस्याद्यो यस्य ज्ञानतोऽज्ञानतोऽपि वा ।स तस्योत्पादयेत्तुष्टिं राज्ञे दद्याच्च तत्समम्

    dravyāṇi hiṃsyādyo yasya jñānato'jñānato'pi vā |sa tasyotpādayettuṣṭiṃ rājñe dadyācca tatsamam

    He who damages the goods of another, be it intentionally or unintentionally, shall give satis- faction to the (owner) and pay to the king a fine equal to the (damage).

  289. 8.289

    चर्मचार्मिकभाण्डेषु काष्ठलोष्टमयेषु ।मूल्यात्पञ्चगुणो दण्डः पुष्पमूलफलेषु च

    carmacārmikabhāṇḍeṣu kāṣṭhaloṣṭamayeṣu |mūlyātpañcaguṇo daṇḍaḥ puṣpamūlaphaleṣu ca

    In the case of (damage done to) leather, or to utensils of leather, of wood, or of clay, the fine (shall be) five times their value ; likewise in the case of (damage to) flowers, roots, and fruit.

  290. 8.290

    यानस्य चैव यातुश्च यानस्वामिन एव च ।दशातिवर्तनान्याहुः शेषे दण्डो विधीयते

    yānasya caiva yātuśca yānasvāmina eva ca |daśātivartanānyāhuḥ śeṣe daṇḍo vidhīyate

    They declare with respect to a carriage, its driver and its owner, (that there are) ten cases in which no punishment (for damage done) can be inflicted ; in other cases a fine is prescribed.

  291. 8.291

    छिन्ननास्ये भग्नयुगे तिर्यक्प्रतिमुखागते ।अक्षभङ्गे च यानस्य चक्रभङ्गे तथैव च

    chinnanāsye bhagnayuge tiryakpratimukhāgate |akṣabhaṅge ca yānasya cakrabhaṅge tathaiva ca

    When the nose-string is snapped, when the yoke is broken, when the carriage turns sideways or back, when the axle or a wheel is broken,

  292. 8.292

    छेदने चैव यन्त्राणां योक्त्ररश्म्योस्तथैव च ।आक्रन्दे चाप्यपैहीति न दण्डं मनुरब्रवीत्

    chedane caiva yantrāṇāṃ yoktraraśmyostathaiva ca |ākrande cāpyapaihīti na daṇḍaṃ manurabravīt

    When the leather-thongs, the rope around the neck or the bridle are broken, and when (the driver) has loudly called out, ' Make way,' Manu has declared (that in all these cases) no punishment

  293. 8.293

    यत्रापवर्तते युग्यं वैगुण्यात्प्राजकस्य तु ।तत्र स्वामी भवेद्दण्ड्यो हिंसायां द्विशतं दमम्

    yatrāpavartate yugyaṃ vaiguṇyātprājakasya tu |tatra svāmī bhaveddaṇḍyo hiṃsāyāṃ dviśataṃ damam

    But if the cart turns off (the road) through the driver's want of skill, the owner shall be fined, if damage (is done), two hundred (pa/zas).

  294. 8.294

    प्राजकश्चेद्भवेदाप्तः प्राजको दण्डं अर्हति ।युग्यस्थाः प्राजकेऽनाप्ते सर्वे दण्ड्याः शतं शतम्

    prājakaścedbhavedāptaḥ prājako daṇḍaṃ arhati |yugyasthāḥ prājake'nāpte sarve daṇḍyāḥ śataṃ śatam

    If the driver is skilful (but negligent), he alone shall be fined ; if the driver is unskilful, the occupants of the carriage (also) shall be each fined one hundred (pa^as).

  295. 8.295

    स चेत्तु पथि संरुद्धः पशुभिर्वा रथेन वा ।प्रमापयेत्प्राणभृतस्तत्र दण्डोऽविचारितः

    sa cettu pathi saṃruddhaḥ paśubhirvā rathena vā |pramāpayetprāṇabhṛtastatra daṇḍo'vicāritaḥ

    But if he is stopped on his way by cattle or

  296. 8.296

    मनुष्यमारणे क्षिप्रं चौरवत्किल्बिषं भवेत् ।प्राणभृत्सु महत्स्वर्धं गोगजोष्ट्रहयादिषु

    manuṣyamāraṇe kṣipraṃ cauravatkilbiṣaṃ bhavet |prāṇabhṛtsu mahatsvardhaṃ gogajoṣṭrahayādiṣu

    If a man is killed, his guilt will be at once the same as (that of) a thief ; for large animals such as cows, elephants, camels or horses, half of that.

  297. 8.297

    क्षुद्रकाणां पशूनां तु हिंसायां द्विशतो दमः ।पञ्चाशत्तु भवेद्दण्डः शुभेषु मृगपक्षिषु

    kṣudrakāṇāṃ paśūnāṃ tu hiṃsāyāṃ dviśato damaḥ |pañcāśattu bhaveddaṇḍaḥ śubheṣu mṛgapakṣiṣu

    For injuring small cattle the fine (shall be) two hundred (pa^as) ; the fine for beautiful wild quadrupeds and birds shall amount to fifty (pa/zas).

  298. 8.298

    गर्धभाजाविकानां तु दण्डः स्यात्पञ्चमाषिकः ।माषिकस्तु भवेद्दण्डः श्वसूकरनिपातने

    gardhabhājāvikānāṃ tu daṇḍaḥ syātpañcamāṣikaḥ |māṣikastu bhaveddaṇḍaḥ śvasūkaranipātane

    For donkeys, sheep, and goats the fine shall be five m&shas ; but the punishment for killing a dog or a pig shall be one masha.

  299. 8.299

    भार्या पुत्रश्च दासश्च प्रेष्यो भ्रात्रा च सोदरः ।प्राप्तापराधास्ताड्याः स्यू रज्ज्वा वेणुदलेन वा

    bhāryā putraśca dāsaśca preṣyo bhrātrā ca sodaraḥ |prāptāparādhāstāḍyāḥ syū rajjvā veṇudalena vā

    A wife, a son, a slave, a pupil, and a (younger) brother of the full blood, who have com- mitted faults, may be beaten with a rope or a split bamboo,

  300. 8.300

    पृष्ठतस्तु शरीरस्य नोत्तमाङ्गे कथं चन ।अतोऽन्यथा तु प्रहरन्प्राप्तः स्याच्चौरकिल्बिषम्

    pṛṣṭhatastu śarīrasya nottamāṅge kathaṃ cana |ato'nyathā tu praharanprāptaḥ syāccaurakilbiṣam

    But on the back part of the body (only), never on a noble part ; he who strikes them other- wise will incur the same guilt as a thief.

  301. 8.301

    एषोऽखिलेनाभिहितो दण्डपारुष्यनिर्णयः ।स्तेनस्यातः प्रवक्ष्यामि विधिं दण्डविनिर्णये

    eṣo'khilenābhihito daṇḍapāruṣyanirṇayaḥ |stenasyātaḥ pravakṣyāmi vidhiṃ daṇḍavinirṇaye

    Thus the whole law of assault (and hurt) has been declared completely; I will now explain the rules for the decision (in cases) of theft.

  302. 8.302

    परमं यत्नं आतिष्ठेत्स्तेनानां निग्रहे नृपः ।स्तेनानां निग्रहादस्य यशो राष्ट्रं च वर्धते

    paramaṃ yatnaṃ ātiṣṭhetstenānāṃ nigrahe nṛpaḥ |stenānāṃ nigrahādasya yaśo rāṣṭraṃ ca vardhate

    Let the king exert himself to the utmost to considered'), and vi^arita^, ' is considered (to be just).' Medh. gives besides the explanation, adopted in the translation according to Kull., another one, ' is not considered (just)/ He mentions also

  303. 8.303

    अभयस्य हि यो दाता स पूज्यः सततं नृपः ।सत्त्रं हि वर्धते तस्य सदैवाभयदक्षिणम्

    abhayasya hi yo dātā sa pūjyaḥ satataṃ nṛpaḥ |sattraṃ hi vardhate tasya sadaivābhayadakṣiṇam

    That king, indeed, is ever worthy of honour who ensures the safety (of his subjects); for the sacrificial session (sattra, which he, as it were, per- forms thereby) ever grows in length, the safety (of

  304. 8.304

    सर्वतो धर्मषड्भागो राज्ञो भवति रक्षतः ।अधर्मादपि षड्भागो भवत्यस्य ह्यरक्षतः

    sarvato dharmaṣaḍbhāgo rājño bhavati rakṣataḥ |adharmādapi ṣaḍbhāgo bhavatyasya hyarakṣataḥ

    A king who (duly) protects (his subjects) re- ceives from each and all the sixth part of their spiritual merit ; if he does not protect them, the sixth part of their demerit also (will fall on him).

  305. 8.305

    यदधीते यद्यजते यद्ददाति यदर्चति ।तस्य षड्भागभाग्राजा सम्यग्भवति रक्षणात्

    yadadhīte yadyajate yaddadāti yadarcati |tasya ṣaḍbhāgabhāgrājā samyagbhavati rakṣaṇāt

    Whatever (merit a man gains by) reading the Veda, by sacrificing, by charitable gifts, (or by) wor- shipping (Gurus and gods), the king obtains a sixth part of that in consequence of his duly protecting

  306. 8.306

    रक्षन्धर्मेण भूतानि राजा वध्यांश्च घातयन् ।यजतेऽहरहर्यज्ञैः सहस्रशतदक्षिणैः

    rakṣandharmeṇa bhūtāni rājā vadhyāṃśca ghātayan |yajate'haraharyajñaiḥ sahasraśatadakṣiṇaiḥ

    A king who protects the created beings in accordance with the sacred law and smites those worthy of corporal punishment, daily offers (as it were) sacrifices at which hundred thousands (are

  307. 8.307

    योऽरक्षन्बलिं आदत्ते करं शुल्कं च पार्थिवः ।प्रतिभागं च दण्डं च स सद्यो नरकं व्रजेत्

    yo'rakṣanbaliṃ ādatte karaṃ śulkaṃ ca pārthivaḥ |pratibhāgaṃ ca daṇḍaṃ ca sa sadyo narakaṃ vrajet

    A king who does not afford protection, (yet) takes his share in kind, his taxes, tolls and duties, daily presents and fines, will (after death) soon sink into hell.

  308. 8.308

    अरक्षितारं राजानं बलिषड्भागहारिणम् ।तं आहुः सर्वलोकस्य समग्रमलहारकम्

    arakṣitāraṃ rājānaṃ baliṣaḍbhāgahāriṇam |taṃ āhuḥ sarvalokasya samagramalahārakam

    They declare that a king who affords no protection, (yet) receives the sixth part of the pro- duce, takes upon himself all the foulness of his whole people.

  309. 8.309

    अनपेक्षितमर्यादं नास्तिकं विप्रलुंपकम् ।अरक्षितारं अत्तारं नृपं विद्यादधोगतिम्

    anapekṣitamaryādaṃ nāstikaṃ vipraluṃpakam |arakṣitāraṃ attāraṃ nṛpaṃ vidyādadhogatim

    Know that a king who heeds not the rules (of the' law), who is an atheist, and rapacious, who does not protect (his subjects, but) devours them, will sink low (after death).

  310. 8.310

    अधार्मिकं त्रिभिर्न्यायैर्निगृह्णीयात्प्रयत्नतः ।निरोधनेन बन्धेन विविधेन वधेन च

    adhārmikaṃ tribhirnyāyairnigṛhṇīyātprayatnataḥ |nirodhanena bandhena vividhena vadhena ca

    Let him carefully restrain the wicked by three methods, — by imprisonment, by putting them in fetters, and by various (kinds of) corporal punishments.

  311. 8.311

    निग्रहेण हि पापानां साधूनां संग्रहेण च ।द्विजातय इवेज्याभिः पूयन्ते सततं नृपाः

    nigraheṇa hi pāpānāṃ sādhūnāṃ saṃgraheṇa ca |dvijātaya ivejyābhiḥ pūyante satataṃ nṛpāḥ

    For by punishing the wicked and by favouring the virtuous, kings are constantly sancti- fied, just as twice-born men by sacrifices.

  312. 8.312

    क्षन्तव्यं प्रभुणा नित्यं क्षिपतां कार्यिणां नृणाम् ।बालवृद्धातुराणां च कुर्वता हितं आत्मनः

    kṣantavyaṃ prabhuṇā nityaṃ kṣipatāṃ kāryiṇāṃ nṛṇām |bālavṛddhāturāṇāṃ ca kurvatā hitaṃ ātmanaḥ

    A king who desires his own welfare must always forgive litigants, infants, aged and sick men, who inveigh against him.

  313. 8.313

    यः क्षिप्तो मर्षयत्यार्तैस्तेन स्वर्गे महीयते ।यस्त्वैश्वर्यान्न क्षमते नरकं तेन गच्छति

    yaḥ kṣipto marṣayatyārtaistena svarge mahīyate |yastvaiśvaryānna kṣamate narakaṃ tena gacchati

    He who, being abused by men in pain, par- dons (them), will in reward of that (act) be exalted in heaven ; but he who, (proud) of his kingly state, Nar. and Ragh. read pratibhogam, Gov. bhutibhogam, and Nand.

  314. 8.314

    राजा स्तेनेन गन्तव्यो मुक्तकेशेन धावता ।आचक्षाणेन तत्स्तेयं एवंकर्मास्मि शाधि माम्

    rājā stenena gantavyo muktakeśena dhāvatā |ācakṣāṇena tatsteyaṃ evaṃkarmāsmi śādhi mām

    A thief shall, running, approach the king, with flying hair, confessing that theft (and saying), 'Thus have I done, punish me;'

  315. 8.315

    स्कन्धेनादाय मुसलं लगुडं वापि खादिरम् ।शक्तिं चोभयतस्तीक्ष्णां आयसं दण्डं एव वा

    skandhenādāya musalaṃ laguḍaṃ vāpi khādiram |śaktiṃ cobhayatastīkṣṇāṃ āyasaṃ daṇḍaṃ eva vā

    (And he must) carry on his shoulder a pestle, or a club of Khadira wood, or a spear sharp at both ends, or an iron staff.

  316. 8.316

    शासनाद्वा विमोक्षाद्वा स्तेनः स्तेयाद्विमुच्यते ।अशासित्वा तु तं राजा स्तेनस्याप्नोति किल्बिषम्

    śāsanādvā vimokṣādvā stenaḥ steyādvimucyate |aśāsitvā tu taṃ rājā stenasyāpnoti kilbiṣam

    Whether he be punished or pardoned, the thief is freed from the (guilt of) theft ; but the king, if he punishes not, takes upon himself the guilt of the thief. ^jt

  317. 8.317

    अन्नादे भ्रूणहा मार्ष्टि पत्यौ भार्यापचारिणी ।गुरौ शिष्यश्च याज्यश्च स्तेनो राजनि किल्बिषम्

    annāde bhrūṇahā mārṣṭi patyau bhāryāpacāriṇī |gurau śiṣyaśca yājyaśca steno rājani kilbiṣam

    The killer of a learned Brahma^a throws his guilt on him who eats his food, an adulterous h wife on her (negligent) husband, a (sinning) pupil or . < sacrificer on (their negligent) teacher (or priest), a J

  318. 8.318

    राजभिः कृतदण्डास्तु कृत्वा पापानि मानवाः ।निर्मलाः स्वर्गं आयान्ति सन्तः सुकृतिनो यथा

    rājabhiḥ kṛtadaṇḍāstu kṛtvā pāpāni mānavāḥ |nirmalāḥ svargaṃ āyānti santaḥ sukṛtino yathā

    But men who have committed crimes and have been punished by the king, go to heaven, being pure like those who performed meritorious deeds.

  319. 8.319

    यस्तु रज्जुं घटं कूपाद्धरेद्भिन्द्याच्च यः प्रपाम् ।स दण्डं प्राप्नुयान्माषं तच्च तस्मिन्समाहरेत्

    yastu rajjuṃ ghaṭaṃ kūpāddharedbhindyācca yaḥ prapām |sa daṇḍaṃ prāpnuyānmāṣaṃ tacca tasminsamāharet

    He who steals the rope or the water-pot from a well, or damages a hut where water is distri- 314-316. Ap. I, 25, 4-5; Gaut. XII, 43-45; Vas. XX, 41; Baudh. II, 1, 16-17 ; Vi- LII> x~2 J Ya^n. Ill, 257.

  320. 8.320

    धान्यं दशभ्यः कुम्भेभ्यो हरतोऽभ्यधिकं वधः ।शेषेऽप्येकादशगुणं दाप्यस्तस्य च तद्धनम्

    dhānyaṃ daśabhyaḥ kumbhebhyo harato'bhyadhikaṃ vadhaḥ |śeṣe'pyekādaśaguṇaṃ dāpyastasya ca taddhanam

    On him who steals more than ten kumbhas of grain corporal punishment (shall be inflicted) ; in other cases he shall be fined eleven times as much, and shall pay to the (owner the value of his) property.

  321. 8.321

    तथा धरिममेयानां शतादभ्यधिके वधः ।सुवर्णरजतादीनां उत्तमानां च वाससाम्

    tathā dharimameyānāṃ śatādabhyadhike vadhaḥ |suvarṇarajatādīnāṃ uttamānāṃ ca vāsasām

    So shall corporal punishment be inflicted for stealing more than a hundred (palas) of articles sold by the weight, (i. e.) of gold, silver, and so forth, and of most excellent clothes.

  322. 8.322

    पञ्चाशतस्त्वभ्यधिके हस्तच्छेदनं इष्यते ।शेषे त्वेकादशगुणं मूल्याद्दण्डं प्रकल्पयेत्

    pañcāśatastvabhyadhike hastacchedanaṃ iṣyate |śeṣe tvekādaśaguṇaṃ mūlyāddaṇḍaṃ prakalpayet

    For (stealing) more than fifty (palas) it is enacted that the hands (of the offender) shall be cut off; but in other cases, let him inflict a fine of eleven times the value.

  323. 8.323

    पुरुषाणां कुलीनानां नारीणां च विशेषतः ।मुख्यानां चैव रत्नानां हरणे वधं अर्हति

    puruṣāṇāṃ kulīnānāṃ nārīṇāṃ ca viśeṣataḥ |mukhyānāṃ caiva ratnānāṃ haraṇe vadhaṃ arhati

    For stealing men of noble family and especially women and the most precious gems, (the offender) deserves corporal (or capital) punishment.

  324. 8.324

    महापशूनां हरणे शस्त्राणां औषधस्य च ।कालं आसाद्य कार्यं च दण्डं राजा प्रकल्पयेत्

    mahāpaśūnāṃ haraṇe śastrāṇāṃ auṣadhasya ca |kālaṃ āsādya kāryaṃ ca daṇḍaṃ rājā prakalpayet

    For stealing large animals, weapons, or medicines, let the king fix a punishment, after con- sidering the time and the purpose (for which they were destined).

  325. 8.325

    गोषु ब्राह्मणसंस्थासु छुरिकायाश्च भेदने ।पशूनां हरणे चैव सद्यः कार्योऽर्धपादिकः

    goṣu brāhmaṇasaṃsthāsu churikāyāśca bhedane |paśūnāṃ haraṇe caiva sadyaḥ kāryo'rdhapādikaḥ

    For (stealing) cows belonging to Brahma/zas, W for piercing (the nostrils of) a barren cow, and for V stealing (other) cattle (belonging to Brahma^as, the \\ offender) shall forthwith lose half his feet.

  326. 8.326

    सूत्रकार्पासकिण्वानां गोमयस्य गुडस्य च ।दध्नः क्षीरस्य तक्रस्य पानीयस्य तृणस्य च

    sūtrakārpāsakiṇvānāṃ gomayasya guḍasya ca |dadhnaḥ kṣīrasya takrasya pānīyasya tṛṇasya ca

    (For stealing) thread, cotton, drugs causing fermentation, cowdung, molasses, sour milk, sweet milk, butter-milk, water, or grass,

  327. 8.327

    वेणुवैदलभाण्डानां लवणानां तथैव च ।मृण्मयानां च हरणे मृदो भस्मन एव च

    veṇuvaidalabhāṇḍānāṃ lavaṇānāṃ tathaiva ca |mṛṇmayānāṃ ca haraṇe mṛdo bhasmana eva ca

    Vessels made of bamboo or other cane, salt of various kinds, earthen (vessels), earth and ashes,

  328. 8.328

    मत्स्यानां पक्षिणां चैव तैलस्य च घृतस्य च ।मांसस्य मधुनश्चैव यच्चान्यत्पशुसंभवम्

    matsyānāṃ pakṣiṇāṃ caiva tailasya ca ghṛtasya ca |māṃsasya madhunaścaiva yaccānyatpaśusaṃbhavam

    Fish, birds, oil, clarified butter, meat, honey, and other things that come from beasts,

  329. 8.329

    अन्येषां चैवमादीनां मद्यानां ओदनस्य च ।पक्वान्नानां च सर्वेषां तन्मुल्याद्द्विगुणो दमः

    anyeṣāṃ caivamādīnāṃ madyānāṃ odanasya ca |pakvānnānāṃ ca sarveṣāṃ tanmulyāddviguṇo damaḥ

    Or other things of a similar kind, spirituous liquor, boiled rice, and every kind of cooked food, the fine (shall be) twice the value (of the stolen article).

  330. 8.330

    पुष्पेषु हरिते धान्ये गुल्मवल्लीनगेषु च ।अन्येष्वपरिपूतेषु दण्डः स्यात्पञ्चकृष्णलः

    puṣpeṣu harite dhānye gulmavallīnageṣu ca |anyeṣvaparipūteṣu daṇḍaḥ syātpañcakṛṣṇalaḥ

    For flowers, green corn, shrubs, creepers, trees, and other unhusked (grain) the fine (shall be) five krzsh/zalas. weapons were stolen during a combat, or medicines from a very

  331. 8.331

    परिपूतेषु धान्येषु शाकमूलफलेषु च ।निरन्वये शतं दण्डः सान्वयेऽर्धशतं दमः

    paripūteṣu dhānyeṣu śākamūlaphaleṣu ca |niranvaye śataṃ daṇḍaḥ sānvaye'rdhaśataṃ damaḥ

    For husked grain, vegetables, roots, and fruit the fine (shall be) one hundred (pa^as) if there is no connexion (between the owner and the thief), fifty (pa^as) if such a connexion exists.

  332. 8.332

    स्यात्साहसं त्वन्वयवत्प्रसभं कर्म यत्कृतम् ।निरन्वयं भवेत्स्तेयं हृत्वापव्ययते च यत्

    syātsāhasaṃ tvanvayavatprasabhaṃ karma yatkṛtam |niranvayaṃ bhavetsteyaṃ hṛtvāpavyayate ca yat

    An offence (of this description), which is committed in the presence (of the owner) and with violence, will be robbery ; if (it is committed) in his absence, it will be theft ; likewise if (the possession

  333. 8.333

    यस्त्वेतान्युपक्ल्प्तानि द्रव्याणि स्तेनयेन्नरः ।तं आद्यं दण्डयेद्राजा यश्चाग्निं चोरयेद्गृहात्

    yastvetānyupaklptāni dravyāṇi stenayennaraḥ |taṃ ādyaṃ daṇḍayedrājā yaścāgniṃ corayedgṛhāt

    On that man who may steal (any of) the above-mentioned articles, when they are prepared for (use), let the king inflict the first (or lowest) amercement ; likewise on him who may steal (a

  334. 8.334

    येन येन यथाङ्गेन स्तेनो नृषु विचेष्टते ।तत्तदेव हरेत्तस्य प्रत्यादेशाय पार्थिवः

    yena yena yathāṅgena steno nṛṣu viceṣṭate |tattadeva harettasya pratyādeśāya pārthivaḥ

    With whatever limb a thief in any way commits (an offence) against men, even of that (the king) shall deprive him in order to prevent (a repetition of the crime).

  335. 8.335

    पिताचार्यः सुहृन्माता भार्या पुत्रः पुरोहितः ।नादण्ड्यो नाम राज्ञोऽस्ति यः स्वधर्मे न तिष्ठति

    pitācāryaḥ suhṛnmātā bhāryā putraḥ purohitaḥ |nādaṇḍyo nāma rājño'sti yaḥ svadharme na tiṣṭhati

    Neither a father, nor a teacher, nor a friend, nor a mother, nor a wife, nor a son, nor a domestic priest must be left unpunished by a king, if they do not keep within their duty.

  336. 8.336

    कार्षापणं भवेद्दण्ड्यो यत्रान्यः प्राकृतो जनः ।तत्र राजा भवेद्दण्ड्यः सहस्रं इति धारणा

    kārṣāpaṇaṃ bhaveddaṇḍyo yatrānyaḥ prākṛto janaḥ |tatra rājā bhaveddaṇḍyaḥ sahasraṃ iti dhāraṇā

    Where another common man would be fined one karshapa/za, the king shall be fined one thou- sand ; that is the settled rule.

  337. 8.337

    अष्टापाद्यं तु शूद्रस्य स्तेये भवति किल्बिषम् ।षोडशैव तु वैश्यस्य द्वात्रिंशत्क्षत्रियस्य च

    aṣṭāpādyaṃ tu śūdrasya steye bhavati kilbiṣam |ṣoḍaśaiva tu vaiśyasya dvātriṃśatkṣatriyasya ca

    In (a case of) theft the guilt of a 6udra shall be eightfold, that of a VaLsya sixteenfold, that of a Kshatriya two-and- thirty fold,

  338. 8.338

    ब्राह्मणस्य चतुःषष्टिः पूर्णं वापि शतं भवेत् ।द्विगुणा वा चतुःषष्टिस्तद्दोषगुणविद्धि सः

    brāhmaṇasya catuḥṣaṣṭiḥ pūrṇaṃ vāpi śataṃ bhavet |dviguṇā vā catuḥṣaṣṭistaddoṣaguṇaviddhi saḥ

    That of a Brahma^a sixty-fourfold, or quite a hundredfold, or (even) twice four-and-sixtyfold ; (each of them) knowing the nature of the offence.

  339. 8.339

    वानस्पत्यं मूलफलं दार्वग्न्यर्थं तथैव च ।तृणं च गोभ्यो ग्रासार्थं अस्तेयं मनुरब्रवीत्

    vānaspatyaṃ mūlaphalaṃ dārvagnyarthaṃ tathaiva ca |tṛṇaṃ ca gobhyo grāsārthaṃ asteyaṃ manurabravīt

    (The taking of) roots and of fruit from trees, of wood for a (sacrificial) fire, and of grass for feed- ing cows, Manu has declared (to be) no theft.

  340. 8.340

    योऽदत्तादायिनो हस्ताल्लिप्सेत ब्राह्मणो धनम् ।याजनाध्यापनेनापि यथा स्तेनस्तथैव सः

    yo'dattādāyino hastāllipseta brāhmaṇo dhanam |yājanādhyāpanenāpi yathā stenastathaiva saḥ

    A Brahma^a, seeking to obtain property from a man who took what was not given to him, either by sacrificing for him or by teaching him, is even like a thief.

  341. 8.341

    द्विजोऽध्वगः क्षीणवृत्तिर्द्वाविक्षू द्वे च मूलके ।आददानः परक्षेत्रान्न दण्डं दातुं अर्हति

    dvijo'dhvagaḥ kṣīṇavṛttirdvāvikṣū dve ca mūlake |ādadānaḥ parakṣetrānna daṇḍaṃ dātuṃ arhati

    A twice-born man, who is travelling and whose provisions are exhausted, shall not be fined, if he takes two stalks of sugar-cane or two (esculent) roots from the field of another man.

  342. 8.342

    असंदितानां संदाता संदितानां च मोक्षकः ।दासाश्वरथहर्ता च प्राप्तः स्याच्चोरकिल्बिषम्

    asaṃditānāṃ saṃdātā saṃditānāṃ ca mokṣakaḥ |dāsāśvarathahartā ca prāptaḥ syāccorakilbiṣam

    He who ties up unbound or sets free tied up (cattle of other men), he who takes a slave, a horse, or a carriage will have incurred the guilt of a thief.

  343. 8.343

    अनेन विधिना राजा कुर्वाणः स्तेननिग्रहम् ।यशोऽस्मिन्प्राप्नुयाल्लोके प्रेत्य चानुत्तमं सुखम्

    anena vidhinā rājā kurvāṇaḥ stenanigraham |yaśo'sminprāpnuyālloke pretya cānuttamaṃ sukham

    A king who punishes thieves according to these rules, will gain fame in this world and after death unsurpassable bliss.

  344. 8.344

    ऐन्द्रं स्थानं अभिप्रेप्सुर्यशश्चाक्षयं अव्ययम् ।नोपेक्षेत क्षणं अपि राजा साहसिकं नरम्

    aindraṃ sthānaṃ abhiprepsuryaśaścākṣayaṃ avyayam |nopekṣeta kṣaṇaṃ api rājā sāhasikaṃ naram

    A king who desires to gain the throne of Indra and imperishable eternal fame, shall not, even for a moment, neglect (to punish) the man who commits violence.

  345. 8.345

    वाग्दुष्टात्तस्कराच्चैव दण्डेनैव च हिंसतः ।साहसस्य नरः कर्ता विज्ञेयः पापकृत्तमः

    vāgduṣṭāttaskarāccaiva daṇḍenaiva ca hiṃsataḥ |sāhasasya naraḥ kartā vijñeyaḥ pāpakṛttamaḥ

    He who commits violence must be con- sidered as the worst offender, (more wicked) than a defamer, than a thief, and than he who injures (another) with a staff.

  346. 8.346

    साहसे वर्तमानं तु यो मर्षयति पार्थिवः ।स विनाशं व्रजत्याशु विद्वेषं चाधिगच्छति

    sāhase vartamānaṃ tu yo marṣayati pārthivaḥ |sa vināśaṃ vrajatyāśu vidveṣaṃ cādhigacchati

    But that king who pardons the perpetrator of violence quickly perishes and incurs hatred.

  347. 8.347

    न मित्रकारणाद्राजा विपुलाद्वा धनागमात् ।समुत्सृजेत्साहसिकान्सर्वभूतभयावहान्

    na mitrakāraṇādrājā vipulādvā dhanāgamāt |samutsṛjetsāhasikānsarvabhūtabhayāvahān

    Neither for friendships sake, nor for the sake of great lucre, must a king let go perpetrators of violence, who cause terror to all creatures.

  348. 8.348

    शस्त्रं द्विजातिभिर्ग्राह्यं धर्मो यत्रोपरुध्यते ।द्विजातीनां च वर्णानां विप्लवे कालकारिते

    śastraṃ dvijātibhirgrāhyaṃ dharmo yatroparudhyate |dvijātīnāṃ ca varṇānāṃ viplave kālakārite

    Twice-born men may take up arms when (they are) hindered (in the fulfilment of) their duties, when destruction (threatens) the twice-born castes (vama) in (evil) times,

  349. 8.349

    आत्मनश्च परित्राणे दक्षिणानां च संगरे ।स्त्रीविप्राभ्युपपत्तौ च घ्नन्धर्मेण न दुष्यति

    ātmanaśca paritrāṇe dakṣiṇānāṃ ca saṃgare |strīviprābhyupapattau ca ghnandharmeṇa na duṣyati

    In their own defence, in a strife for the fees of officiating priests, and in order to protect women and Brahma^as ; he who (under such circumstances) kills in the cause of right, commits no sin.

  350. 8.350

    गुरुं वा बालवृद्धौ वा ब्राह्मणं वा बहुश्रुतम् ।आततायिनं आयान्तं हन्यादेवाविचारयन्

    guruṃ vā bālavṛddhau vā brāhmaṇaṃ vā bahuśrutam |ātatāyinaṃ āyāntaṃ hanyādevāvicārayan

    One may slay without hesitation an assassin who approaches (with murderous intent), whether (he be one's) teacher, a child or an aged man, or a Brah- ma/za deeply versed in the Vedas.

  351. 8.351

    नाततायिवधे दोषो हन्तुर्भवति कश्चन ।प्रकाशं वाप्रकाशं वा मन्युस्तं मन्युं ऋच्छति

    nātatāyivadhe doṣo hanturbhavati kaścana |prakāśaṃ vāprakāśaṃ vā manyustaṃ manyuṃ ṛcchati

    By killing an assassin the slayer incurs no guilt, whether (he does it) publicly or secretly ; in that case fury recoils upon fury. » «j\ >. ni

  352. 8.352

    परदाराभिमर्शेषु प्रवृत्तान्नॄन्महीपतिः ।उद्वेजनकरैर्दण्डैश्छिन्नयित्वा प्रवासयेत्

    paradārābhimarśeṣu pravṛttānnṝnmahīpatiḥ |udvejanakarairdaṇḍaiśchinnayitvā pravāsayet

    Men who commit adultery with the wives of I' I'' others, the king shall cause to be marked by punish- ments which cause terror, and afterwards banish. ^K f JL/

  353. 8.353

    तत्समुत्थो हि लोकस्य जायते वर्णसंकरः ।येन मूलहरोऽधर्मः सर्वनाशाय कल्पते

    tatsamuttho hi lokasya jāyate varṇasaṃkaraḥ |yena mūlaharo'dharmaḥ sarvanāśāya kalpate

    For by (adultery) is caused a mixture of the I ' castes (vanza) among men ; thence (follows) sin, 1, which cuts up even the roots and causes the destruc- tion of everything.

  354. 8.354

    परस्य पत्न्या पुरुषः संभाषां योजयन्रहः ।पूर्वं आक्षारितो दोषैः प्राप्नुयात्पूर्वसाहसम्

    parasya patnyā puruṣaḥ saṃbhāṣāṃ yojayanrahaḥ |pūrvaṃ ākṣārito doṣaiḥ prāpnuyātpūrvasāhasam

    A man formerly accused of (such) offences, who secretly converses with another man's wife, shall pay the first (or lowest) amercement.

  355. 8.355

    यस्त्वनाक्षारितः पूर्वं अभिभाषते कारणात् ।न दोषं प्राप्नुयात्किं चिन्न हि तस्य व्यतिक्रमः

    yastvanākṣāritaḥ pūrvaṃ abhibhāṣate kāraṇāt |na doṣaṃ prāpnuyātkiṃ cinna hi tasya vyatikramaḥ

    But a man, not before accused, who (thus) speaks with (a woman) for some (reasonable) cause, shall not incur any guilt, since in him there is no transgression.

  356. 8.356

    परस्त्रियं योऽभिवदेत्तीर्थेऽरण्ये वनेऽपि वा ।नदीनां वापि संभेदे स संग्रहणं आप्नुयात्

    parastriyaṃ yo'bhivadettīrthe'raṇye vane'pi vā |nadīnāṃ vāpi saṃbhede sa saṃgrahaṇaṃ āpnuyāt

    He who addresses the wife of another man at a Tirtha, outside the village, in a forest, or at the confluence of rivers, shall suffer (the punishment for) adulterous acts (sawgraha^a).

  357. 8.357

    उपचारक्रिया केलिः स्पर्शो भूषणवाससाम् ।सह खट्वासनं चैव सर्वं संग्रहणं स्मृतम्

    upacārakriyā keliḥ sparśo bhūṣaṇavāsasām |saha khaṭvāsanaṃ caiva sarvaṃ saṃgrahaṇaṃ smṛtam

    Offering presents (to a woman), romping (with her), touching her ornaments and dress, sitting with her on a bed, all (these acts) are considered adulterous acts (sawgraha^a).

  358. 8.358

    स्त्रियं स्पृशेददेशे यः स्पृष्टो वा मर्षयेत्तया ।परस्परस्यानुमते सर्वं संग्रहणं स्मृतम्

    striyaṃ spṛśedadeśe yaḥ spṛṣṭo vā marṣayettayā |parasparasyānumate sarvaṃ saṃgrahaṇaṃ smṛtam

    If one touches a woman in a place (which ought) not (to be touched) or allows (oneself to be touched in such a spot), all (such acts done) with mutual consent are declared (to be) adulterous (sa//z-

  359. 8.359

    अब्राह्मणः संग्रहणे प्राणान्तं दण्डं अर्हति ।चतुर्णां अपि वर्णानां दारा रक्ष्यतमाः सदा

    abrāhmaṇaḥ saṃgrahaṇe prāṇāntaṃ daṇḍaṃ arhati |caturṇāṃ api varṇānāṃ dārā rakṣyatamāḥ sadā

    A man who is not a Brahma^a ought to suffer death for adultery (sawgraha^a) ; for the wives of all the four castes even must always be (|_ carefully guarded.

  360. 8.360

    भिक्षुका बन्दिनश्चैव दीक्षिताः कारवस्तथा ।संभाषनं सह स्त्रीभिः कुर्युरप्रतिवारिताः

    bhikṣukā bandinaścaiva dīkṣitāḥ kāravastathā |saṃbhāṣanaṃ saha strībhiḥ kuryuraprativāritāḥ

    Mendicants, bards, men who have performed the initiatory ceremony of a Vedic sacrifice, and arti- sans are not prohibited from speaking to married women.

  361. 8.361

    न संभाषां परस्त्रीभिः प्रतिषिद्धः समाचरेत् ।निषिद्धो भाषमाणस्तु सुवर्णं दण्डं अर्हति

    na saṃbhāṣāṃ parastrībhiḥ pratiṣiddhaḥ samācaret |niṣiddho bhāṣamāṇastu suvarṇaṃ daṇḍaṃ arhati

    Let no man converse with the wives of others after he has been forbidden (to do so) ; but he who converses (with them), in spite of a prohi- bition, shall be fined one suvama.

  362. 8.362

    नैष चारणदारेषु विधिर्नात्मोपजीविषु ।सज्जयन्ति हि ते नारीर्निगूढाश्चारयन्ति च

    naiṣa cāraṇadāreṣu vidhirnātmopajīviṣu |sajjayanti hi te nārīrnigūḍhāścārayanti ca

    This rule does not apply to the wives of actors and singers, nor (of) those who live on (the intrigues of) their own (wives) ; for such men send their wives (to others) or, concealing themselves,

  363. 8.363

    किं चिदेव तु दाप्यः स्यात्संभाषां ताभिराचरन् ।प्रैष्यासु चैकभक्तासु रहः प्रव्रजितासु च

    kiṃ cideva tu dāpyaḥ syātsaṃbhāṣāṃ tābhirācaran |praiṣyāsu caikabhaktāsu rahaḥ pravrajitāsu ca

    Yet he who secretly converses with such women, or with female slaves kept by one (master), and with female ascetics, shall be compelled to pay a small fine.

  364. 8.364

    योऽकामां दूषयेत्कन्यां स सद्यो वधं अर्हति ।सकामां दूषयंस्तुल्यो न वधं प्राप्नुयान्नरः

    yo'kāmāṃ dūṣayetkanyāṃ sa sadyo vadhaṃ arhati |sakāmāṃ dūṣayaṃstulyo na vadhaṃ prāpnuyānnaraḥ

    He who violates an unwilling maiden shall instantly suffer corporal punishment ; but a man who enjoys a willing maiden shall not suffer corporal punishment, if (his caste be) the same (as hers).

  365. 8.365

    कन्यां भजन्तीं उत्कृष्टं न किं चिदपि दापयेत् ।जघन्यं सेवमानां तु संयतां वासयेद्गृहे

    kanyāṃ bhajantīṃ utkṛṣṭaṃ na kiṃ cidapi dāpayet |jaghanyaṃ sevamānāṃ tu saṃyatāṃ vāsayedgṛhe

    From a maiden who makes advances to a (man of) high (caste), he shall not take any fine ; but her, who courts a (man of) low (caste), let him force to live confined in her house.

  366. 8.366

    उत्तमां सेवमानस्तु जघन्यो वधं अर्हति ।शुल्कं दद्यात्सेवमानः समां इच्छेत्पिता यदि

    uttamāṃ sevamānastu jaghanyo vadhaṃ arhati |śulkaṃ dadyātsevamānaḥ samāṃ icchetpitā yadi

    A (man of) low (caste) who makes love to a maiden (of) the highest (caste) shall suffer corporal punishment ; he who addresses a maiden (of) equal (caste) shall pay the nuptial fee, if her father

  367. 8.367

    अभिषह्य तु यः कन्यां कुर्याद्दर्पेण मानवः ।तस्याशु कर्त्ये अङ्गुल्यौ दण्डं चार्हति षट्शतम्

    abhiṣahya tu yaḥ kanyāṃ kuryāddarpeṇa mānavaḥ |tasyāśu kartye aṅgulyau daṇḍaṃ cārhati ṣaṭśatam

    But if any man through insolence forcibly contaminates a maiden, two of his fingers shall be instantly cut off, and he shall pay a fine of six hundred (pa/zas).

  368. 8.368

    सकामां दूषयंस्तुल्यो नाङ्गुलिच्छेदं आप्नुयात् ।द्विशतं तु दमं दाप्यः प्रसङ्गविनिवृत्तये

    sakāmāṃ dūṣayaṃstulyo nāṅgulicchedaṃ āpnuyāt |dviśataṃ tu damaṃ dāpyaḥ prasaṅgavinivṛttaye

    A man (of) equal (caste) who defiles a willing maiden shall not suffer the amputation of his fingers, but shall pay a fine of two hundred (pa/zas) in order to deter him from a repetition (of

  369. 8.369

    कन्यैव कन्यां या कुर्यात्तस्याः स्याद्द्विशतो दमः ।शुल्कं च द्विगुणं दद्याच्छिफाश्चैवाप्नुयाद्दश

    kanyaiva kanyāṃ yā kuryāttasyāḥ syāddviśato damaḥ |śulkaṃ ca dviguṇaṃ dadyācchiphāścaivāpnuyāddaśa

    A damsel who pollutes (another) damsel must be fined two hundred (pa/zas), pay the double of her (nuptial) fee, and receive ten (lashes with a) rod.

  370. 8.370

    या तु कन्यां प्रकुर्यात्स्त्री सा सद्यो मौण्ड्यं अर्हति ।अङ्गुल्योरेव वा छेदं खरेणोद्वहनं तथा

    yā tu kanyāṃ prakuryātstrī sā sadyo mauṇḍyaṃ arhati |aṅgulyoreva vā chedaṃ khareṇodvahanaṃ tathā

    But a woman who pollutes a damsel shall instantly have (her head) shaved or two fingers cut off, and be made to ride (through the town) on a donkey.

  371. 8.371

    भर्तारं लङ्घयेद्या तु स्त्री ज्ञातिगुणदर्पिता ।तां श्वभिः खादयेद्राजा संस्थाने बहुसंस्थिते

    bhartāraṃ laṅghayedyā tu strī jñātiguṇadarpitā |tāṃ śvabhiḥ khādayedrājā saṃsthāne bahusaṃsthite

    If a wife, proud of the greatness of her relatives or (her own) excellence, violates the duty which she owes to her lord, the king shall cause

  372. 8.372

    पुमांसं दाहयेत्पापं शयने तप्त आयसे ।अभ्यादध्युश्च काष्ठानि तत्र दह्येत पापकृत्

    pumāṃsaṃ dāhayetpāpaṃ śayane tapta āyase |abhyādadhyuśca kāṣṭhāni tatra dahyeta pāpakṛt

    Let him cause the male offender to be burnt o4 on a red-hot iron bed ; they shall put logs under it, .j (until) the sinner is burned (to death). 3 j 3. On a man (once) convicted, who is (again)

  373. 8.373

    संवत्सराभिशस्तस्य दुष्टस्य द्विगुणो दमः ।व्रात्यया सह संवासे चाण्डाल्या तावदेव तु

    saṃvatsarābhiśastasya duṣṭasya dviguṇo damaḥ |vrātyayā saha saṃvāse cāṇḍālyā tāvadeva tu

    'A Vratya,' i.e. ' the wife of an Aryan who has not been ini- tiated' (Gov., Kull., Ragh.) ; see above, II, 39 ; or ' one not married in proper time' (Nar. and Medh.), which latter attempts also another explanation, 'a public woman' or 'one common to several men/

  374. 8.374

    शूद्रो गुप्तं अगुप्तं वा द्वैजातं वर्णं आवसन् ।अगुप्तं अङ्गसर्वस्वैर्गुप्तं सर्वेण हीयते

    śūdro guptaṃ aguptaṃ vā dvaijātaṃ varṇaṃ āvasan |aguptaṃ aṅgasarvasvairguptaṃ sarveṇa hīyate

    A 6Yidra who has intercourse with a woman | of a twice-born caste (vanza), guarded or unguarded, (shall be punished in the following manner) : if she jA was unguarded, he loses the part (offending) and all

  375. 8.375

    वैश्यः सर्वस्वदण्डः स्यात्संवत्सरनिरोधतः ।सहस्रं क्षत्रियो दण्ड्यो मौण्ड्यं मूत्रेण चार्हति

    vaiśyaḥ sarvasvadaṇḍaḥ syātsaṃvatsaranirodhataḥ |sahasraṃ kṣatriyo daṇḍyo mauṇḍyaṃ mūtreṇa cārhati

    (For intercourse with a guarded Brahmam) a VaLrya shall forfeit all his property after imprison- ment for a year ; a Kshatriya shall be fined one thousand (pa/zas) and be shaved with the urine (of

  376. 8.376

    ब्राह्मणीं यद्यगुप्तां तु गच्छेतां वैश्यपार्थिवौ ।वैश्यं पञ्चशतं कुर्यात्क्षत्रियं तु सहस्रिणम्

    brāhmaṇīṃ yadyaguptāṃ tu gacchetāṃ vaiśyapārthivau |vaiśyaṃ pañcaśataṃ kuryātkṣatriyaṃ tu sahasriṇam

    If a Vai^ya or a Kshatriya has connexion with an unguarded Brahma/d, let him fine the Vaisya five hundred (pa^as) and the Kshatriya one thousand.

  377. 8.377

    उभावपि तु तावेव ब्राह्मण्या गुप्तया सह ।विप्लुतौ शूद्रवद्दण्ड्यौ दग्धव्यौ वा कटाग्निना

    ubhāvapi tu tāveva brāhmaṇyā guptayā saha |viplutau śūdravaddaṇḍyau dagdhavyau vā kaṭāgninā

    But even these two, if they offend with a

  378. 8.378

    सहस्रं ब्राह्मणो दण्ड्यो गुप्तां विप्रां बलाद्व्रजन् ।शतानि पञ्च दण्ड्यः स्यादिच्छन्त्या सह संगतः

    sahasraṃ brāhmaṇo daṇḍyo guptāṃ viprāṃ balādvrajan |śatāni pañca daṇḍyaḥ syādicchantyā saha saṃgataḥ

    A Brahma^a who carnally knows a guarded Brahma^i against her will, shall be fined one thou- sand (pa^as) ; but he shall be made to pay five hundred, if he had connexion with a willing one.

  379. 8.379

    मौण्ड्यं प्राणान्तिकं दण्डो ब्राह्मणस्य विधीयते ।इतरेषां तु वर्णानां दण्डः प्राणान्तिको भवेत्

    mauṇḍyaṃ prāṇāntikaṃ daṇḍo brāhmaṇasya vidhīyate |itareṣāṃ tu varṇānāṃ daṇḍaḥ prāṇāntiko bhavet

    Tonsure (of the head) is ordained for a Brahma^a (instead of) capital punishment ; but (men of) other castes shall suffer capital punishment.

  380. 8.380

    न जातु ब्राह्मणं हन्यात्सर्वपापेष्वपि स्थितम् ।राष्ट्रादेनं बहिः कुर्यात्समग्रधनं अक्षतम्

    na jātu brāhmaṇaṃ hanyātsarvapāpeṣvapi sthitam |rāṣṭrādenaṃ bahiḥ kuryātsamagradhanaṃ akṣatam

    Let him never slay a Brahma^a, though he have committed all (possible) crimes ; let him banish such an (offender), leaving all his property (to him) and (his body) unhurt.

  381. 8.381

    न ब्राह्मणवधाद्भूयानधर्मो विद्यते भुवि ।तस्मादस्य वधं राजा मनसापि न चिन्तयेत्

    na brāhmaṇavadhādbhūyānadharmo vidyate bhuvi |tasmādasya vadhaṃ rājā manasāpi na cintayet

    No greater crime is known on earth than slaying a Brahma/za ; a king, therefore, must not even conceive in his mind the thought of killing a Brahma/za.

  382. 8.382

    वैश्यश्चेत्क्षत्रियां गुप्तां वैश्यां वा क्षत्रियो व्रजेत् ।यो ब्राह्मण्यां अगुप्तायां तावुभौ दण्डं अर्हतः

    vaiśyaścetkṣatriyāṃ guptāṃ vaiśyāṃ vā kṣatriyo vrajet |yo brāhmaṇyāṃ aguptāyāṃ tāvubhau daṇḍaṃ arhataḥ

    If a VaLsya approaches a guarded female of the Kshatriya caste, or a Kshatriya a (guarded) Vaiiya woman, they both deserve the same punish- ment as in the case of an unguarded Brahma/za

  383. 8.383

    सहस्रं ब्राह्मणो दण्डं दाप्यो गुप्ते तु ते व्रजन् ।शूद्रायां क्षत्रियविशोः साहस्रो वै भवेद्दमः

    sahasraṃ brāhmaṇo daṇḍaṃ dāpyo gupte tu te vrajan |śūdrāyāṃ kṣatriyaviśoḥ sāhasro vai bhaveddamaḥ

    A Brahma/za shall be compelled to pay a fine of one thousand (pa/zas) if he has intercourse with guarded (females of) those two (castes) ; for (offending with) a (guarded) .Sudra female a fine of

  384. 8.384

    क्षत्रियायां अगुप्तायां वैश्ये पञ्चशतं दमः ।मूत्रेण मौण्ड्यं इच्छेत्तु क्षत्रियो दण्डं एव वा

    kṣatriyāyāṃ aguptāyāṃ vaiśye pañcaśataṃ damaḥ |mūtreṇa mauṇḍyaṃ icchettu kṣatriyo daṇḍaṃ eva vā

    For (intercourse with) an unguarded Ksha- triya a fine of fivQ hundred (pa/zas shall fall) on a

  385. 8.385

    अगुप्ते क्षत्रियावैश्ये शूद्रां वा ब्राह्मणो व्रजन् ।शतानि पञ्च दण्ड्यः स्यात्सहस्रं त्वन्त्यजस्त्रियम्

    agupte kṣatriyāvaiśye śūdrāṃ vā brāhmaṇo vrajan |śatāni pañca daṇḍyaḥ syātsahasraṃ tvantyajastriyam

    A Brahma/za who approaches unguarded females (of the) Kshatriya or VaLsya (castes), or a 6udra female, shall be fined five hundred (pa/zas) ; but (for intercourse with) a female (of the) lowest

  386. 8.386

    यस्य स्तेनः पुरे नास्ति नान्यस्त्रीगो न दुष्टवाक् ।न साहसिकदण्डघ्नो स राजा शक्रलोकभाक्

    yasya stenaḥ pure nāsti nānyastrīgo na duṣṭavāk |na sāhasikadaṇḍaghno sa rājā śakralokabhāk

    That king in whose town lives no thief, no adulterer, no defamer, no man guilty of violence, and no committer of assaults, attains the world of .Sakra (Indra).

  387. 8.387

    एतेषां निग्रहो राज्ञः पञ्चानां विषये स्वके ।सांराज्यकृत्सजात्येषु लोके चैव यशस्करः

    eteṣāṃ nigraho rājñaḥ pañcānāṃ viṣaye svake |sāṃrājyakṛtsajātyeṣu loke caiva yaśaskaraḥ

    The suppression of those five in his domi- nions secures to a king paramount sovereignty among his peers and fame in the world.

  388. 8.388

    ऋत्विजं यस्त्यजेद्याज्यो याज्यं च र्त्विक्त्यजेद्यदि ।शक्तं कर्मण्यदुष्टं च तयोर्दण्डः शतं शतम्

    ṛtvijaṃ yastyajedyājyo yājyaṃ ca rtviktyajedyadi |śaktaṃ karmaṇyaduṣṭaṃ ca tayordaṇḍaḥ śataṃ śatam

    A sacrificer who forsakes an officiating priest, and an officiating priest who forsakes a sacrificer, (each being) able to perform his work and not contaminated (by grievous crimes), must

  389. 8.389

    न माता न पिता न स्त्री न पुत्रस्त्यागं अर्हति ।त्यजन्नपतितानेतान्राज्ञा दण्ड्यः शतानि षट्

    na mātā na pitā na strī na putrastyāgaṃ arhati |tyajannapatitānetānrājñā daṇḍyaḥ śatāni ṣaṭ

    Neither a mother, nor a father, nor a wife, nor a son shall be cast off; he who casts them off, unless guilty of a crime causing loss of caste, shall be fined by the king six hundred (pa;/as).

  390. 8.390

    आश्रमेषु द्विजातीनां कार्ये विवदतां मिथः ।न विब्रूयान्नृपो धर्मं चिकीर्षन्हितं आत्मनः

    āśrameṣu dvijātīnāṃ kārye vivadatāṃ mithaḥ |na vibrūyānnṛpo dharmaṃ cikīrṣanhitaṃ ātmanaḥ

    If twice-born men dispute among each other

  391. 8.391

    यथार्हं एतानभ्यर्च्य ब्राह्मणैः सह पार्थिवः ।सान्त्वेन प्रशमय्यादौ स्वधर्मं प्रतिपादयेत्

    yathārhaṃ etānabhyarcya brāhmaṇaiḥ saha pārthivaḥ |sāntvena praśamayyādau svadharmaṃ pratipādayet

    Having shown them due honour, he should, with (the assistance of) Brahma/zas, first soothe them by gentle (speech) and afterwards teach them their duty.

  392. 8.392

    प्रतिवेश्यानुवेश्यौ च कल्याणे विंशतिद्विजे ।अर्हावभोजयन्विप्रो दण्डं अर्हति माषकम्

    prativeśyānuveśyau ca kalyāṇe viṃśatidvije |arhāvabhojayanvipro daṇḍaṃ arhati māṣakam

    A Brahma^a who does not invite his next neighbour and his neighbour next but one, (though) both (be) worthy (of the honour), to a festival at which twenty Brahma^as are entertained, is liable

  393. 8.393

    श्रोत्रियः श्रोत्रियं साधुं भूतिकृत्येष्वभोजयन् ।तदन्नं द्विगुणं दाप्यो हिरण्यं चैव माषकम्

    śrotriyaḥ śrotriyaṃ sādhuṃ bhūtikṛtyeṣvabhojayan |tadannaṃ dviguṇaṃ dāpyo hiraṇyaṃ caiva māṣakam

    A .SVotriya who does not entertain a virtuous 6rotriya at auspicious festive rites, shall be made to pay him twice (the value of) the meal and a masha of gold (as a fine to the king).

  394. 8.394

    अन्धो जडः पीठसर्पी सप्तत्या स्थविरश्च यः ।श्रोत्रियेषूपकुर्वंश्च न दाप्याः केन चित्करम्

    andho jaḍaḥ pīṭhasarpī saptatyā sthaviraśca yaḥ |śrotriyeṣūpakurvaṃśca na dāpyāḥ kena citkaram

    A blind man, an idiot, (a cripple) who moves with the help of a board, a man full seventy years old, and he who confers benefits on .SVotriyas, shall not be compelled by any (king) to pay a tax.

  395. 8.395

    श्रोत्रियं व्याधितार्तौ च बालवृद्धावकिंचनम् ।महाकुलीनं आर्यं च राजा संपूजयेत्सदा

    śrotriyaṃ vyādhitārtau ca bālavṛddhāvakiṃcanam |mahākulīnaṃ āryaṃ ca rājā saṃpūjayetsadā

    Let the king always treat kindly a 6rotriya, a sick or distressed man, an infant and an aged or an indigent man, a man of high birth, and an honour- able man (Arya).

  396. 8.396

    शाल्मलीफलके श्लक्ष्णे नेनिज्यान्नेजकः शनैः ।न च वासांसि वासोभिर्निर्हरेन्न च वासयेत्

    śālmalīphalake ślakṣṇe nenijyānnejakaḥ śanaiḥ |na ca vāsāṃsi vāsobhirnirharenna ca vāsayet

    A washerman shall wash (the clothes of his employers) gently on a smooth board of .5almali- wood ; he shall not return the clothes (of one person) for those (of another), nor allow anybody (but the

  397. 8.397

    तन्तुवायो दशपलं दद्यादेकपलाधिकम् ।अतोऽन्यथा वर्तमानो दाप्यो द्वादशकं दमम्

    tantuvāyo daśapalaṃ dadyādekapalādhikam |ato'nyathā vartamāno dāpyo dvādaśakaṃ damam

    A weaver (who has received) ten palas (of thread), shall return (cloth weighing) one pala more ; he who acts differently shall be compelled to pay a fine of twelve (pa;zas).

  398. 8.398

    शुल्कस्थानेषु कुशलाः सर्वपण्यविचक्षणाः ।कुर्युरर्घं यथापण्यं ततो विंशं नृपो हरेत्

    śulkasthāneṣu kuśalāḥ sarvapaṇyavicakṣaṇāḥ |kuryurarghaṃ yathāpaṇyaṃ tato viṃśaṃ nṛpo haret

    Let the king take one-twentieth of that (amount) which men, well acquainted with the settle- ment of tolls and duties (and) skilful in (estimating the value of) all kinds of merchandise, may fix as

  399. 8.399

    राज्ञः प्रख्यातभाण्डानि प्रतिषिद्धानि यानि च ।ताणि निर्हरतो लोभात्सर्वहारं हरेन्नृपः

    rājñaḥ prakhyātabhāṇḍāni pratiṣiddhāni yāni ca |tāṇi nirharato lobhātsarvahāraṃ harennṛpaḥ

    Let the king confiscate the whole property of (a trader) who out of greed exports goods of which the king has a monopoly or (the export of which is) forbidden.

  400. 8.400

    शुल्कस्थानं परिहरन्नकाले क्रयविक्रयी ।मिथ्यावादी च संख्याने दाप्योऽष्टगुणं अत्ययम्

    śulkasthānaṃ pariharannakāle krayavikrayī |mithyāvādī ca saṃkhyāne dāpyo'ṣṭaguṇaṃ atyayam

    He who avoids a custom-house (or a toll), he who buys or sells at an improper time, or he who makes a false statement in enumerating (his goods), shall be fined eight times (the amount of duty) which

  401. 8.401

    आगमं निर्गमं स्थानं तथा वृद्धिक्षयावुभौ ।विचार्य सर्वपण्यानां कारयेत्क्रयविक्रयौ

    āgamaṃ nirgamaṃ sthānaṃ tathā vṛddhikṣayāvubhau |vicārya sarvapaṇyānāṃ kārayetkrayavikrayau

    Let (the king) fix (the rates for) the purchase and sale of all marketable goods, having (duly) con- sidered whence they come, whither they go, how long they have been kept, the (probable) profit and the

  402. 8.402

    पञ्चरात्रे पञ्चरात्रे पक्षे पक्षेऽथ वा गते ।कुर्वीत चैषां प्रत्यक्षं अर्घसंस्थापनं नृपः

    pañcarātre pañcarātre pakṣe pakṣe'tha vā gate |kurvīta caiṣāṃ pratyakṣaṃ arghasaṃsthāpanaṃ nṛpaḥ

    Once in Hyg nights, or at the close of each fortnight, let the king publicly settle the prices for the (merchants).

  403. 8.403

    तुलामानं प्रतीमानं सर्वं च स्यात्सुलक्षितम् ।षट्सु षट्सु च मासेषु पुनरेव परीक्षयेत्

    tulāmānaṃ pratīmānaṃ sarvaṃ ca syātsulakṣitam |ṣaṭsu ṣaṭsu ca māseṣu punareva parīkṣayet

    All weights and measures must be duly marked, and once in six months let him re-examine them.

  404. 8.404

    पणं यानं तरे दाप्यं पौरुषोऽर्धपणं तरे ।पादं पशुश्च योषिच्च पादार्धं रिक्तकः पुमान्

    paṇaṃ yānaṃ tare dāpyaṃ pauruṣo'rdhapaṇaṃ tare |pādaṃ paśuśca yoṣicca pādārdhaṃ riktakaḥ pumān

    At a ferry an (empty) cart shall be made to pay one pa^a, a mans (load) half a pa^a, an animal and a woman one quarter of a (pa^a), an unloaded man one-half of a quarter.

  405. 8.405

    भाण्डपूर्णानि यानानि तार्यं दाप्यानि सारतः ।रिक्तभाण्डानि यत्किं चित्पुमांसश्चापरिच्छदाः

    bhāṇḍapūrṇāni yānāni tāryaṃ dāpyāni sārataḥ |riktabhāṇḍāni yatkiṃ citpumāṃsaścāparicchadāḥ

    Carts (laden) with vessels full (of merchan- dise) shall be made to pay toll at a ferry according to the value (of the goods), empty vessels and men without luggage some trifle.

  406. 8.406

    दीर्घाध्वनि यथादेशं यथाकालं तरो भवेत् ।नदीतीरेषु तद्विद्यात्समुद्रे नास्ति लक्षणम्

    dīrghādhvani yathādeśaṃ yathākālaṃ taro bhavet |nadītīreṣu tadvidyātsamudre nāsti lakṣaṇam

    For a long passage the boat-hire must be proportioned to the places and times ; know that this (rule refers) to (passages along) the banks of rivers ; at sea there is no settled (freight).

  407. 8.407

    गर्भिणी तु द्विमासादिस्तथा प्रव्रजितो मुनिः ।ब्राह्मणा लिङ्गिनश्चैव न दाप्यास्तारिकं तरे

    garbhiṇī tu dvimāsādistathā pravrajito muniḥ |brāhmaṇā liṅginaścaiva na dāpyāstārikaṃ tare

    But a woman who has been pregnant two months or more, an ascetic, a hermit in the forest, and Brahma/zas who are students of the Veda, shall not be made to pay toll at a ferry.

  408. 8.408

    यन्नावि किं चिद्दाशानां विशीर्येतापराधतः ।तद्दाशैरेव दातव्यं समागम्य स्वतोऽंशतः

    yannāvi kiṃ ciddāśānāṃ viśīryetāparādhataḥ |taddāśaireva dātavyaṃ samāgamya svato'ṃśataḥ

    Whatever may be damaged in a boat by the fault of the boatmen, that shall be made good by the boatmen collectively, (each paying) his share.

  409. 8.409

    एष नौयायिनां उक्तो व्यवहारस्य निर्णयः ।दाशापराधतस्तोये दैविके नास्ति निग्रहः

    eṣa nauyāyināṃ ukto vyavahārasya nirṇayaḥ |dāśāparādhatastoye daivike nāsti nigrahaḥ

    This decision in suits (brought) by passen- gers (holds good only) in case the boatmen are culpably negligent on the water; in the case of (an accident) caused by (the will of) the gods, no

  410. 8.410

    वाणिज्यं कारयेद्वैश्यं कुसीदं कृषिं एव च ।पशूनां रक्षणं चैव दास्यं शूद्रं द्विजन्मनाम्

    vāṇijyaṃ kārayedvaiśyaṃ kusīdaṃ kṛṣiṃ eva ca |paśūnāṃ rakṣaṇaṃ caiva dāsyaṃ śūdraṃ dvijanmanām

    (The king) should order a Vai^ya to trade, to lend money, to cultivate the land, or to tend cattle, and a 6udra to serve the twice-born castes.

  411. 8.411

    क्षत्रियं चैव वैश्यं च ब्राह्मणो वृत्तिकर्शितौ ।बिभृयादानृशंस्येन स्वानि कर्माणि कारयेत्

    kṣatriyaṃ caiva vaiśyaṃ ca brāhmaṇo vṛttikarśitau |bibhṛyādānṛśaṃsyena svāni karmāṇi kārayet

    (Some wealthy) Brahma^a shall compassion- ately support both a Kshatriya and a Vaisya, if they are distressed for a livelihood, employing them on work (which is suitable for) their (castes).

  412. 8.412

    दास्यं तु कारयंल्लोभाद्ब्राह्मणः संस्कृतान्द्विजान् ।अनिच्छतः प्राभवत्याद्राज्ञा दण्ड्यः शतानि षट्

    dāsyaṃ tu kārayaṃllobhādbrāhmaṇaḥ saṃskṛtāndvijān |anicchataḥ prābhavatyādrājñā daṇḍyaḥ śatāni ṣaṭ

    But a Brahma^a who, because he is powerful, out of greed makes initiated (men of the) twice-born (castes) against their will do the work of slaves, shall be fined by the king six hundred (pa^as).

  413. 8.413

    शूद्रं तु कारयेद्दास्यं क्रीतं अक्रीतं एव वा ।दास्यायैव हि सृष्टोऽसौ ब्राह्मणस्य स्वयंभुवा

    śūdraṃ tu kārayeddāsyaṃ krītaṃ akrītaṃ eva vā |dāsyāyaiva hi sṛṣṭo'sau brāhmaṇasya svayaṃbhuvā

    But a .Sudra, whether bought or unbought, he may compel to do servile work ; for he was created by the Self-existent (Svayambhu) to be the slave of a Brahma^a.

  414. 8.414

    न स्वामिना निसृष्टोऽपि शूद्रो दास्याद्विमुच्यते ।निसर्गजं हि तत्तस्य कस्तस्मात्तदपोहति

    na svāminā nisṛṣṭo'pi śūdro dāsyādvimucyate |nisargajaṃ hi tattasya kastasmāttadapohati

    A .Sudra, though emancipated by his master, is not released from servitude ; since that is innate in him, who can set him free from it ?

  415. 8.415

    ध्वजाहृतो भक्तदासो गृहजः क्रीतदत्त्रिमौ ।पैत्रिको दण्डदासश्च सप्तैते दासयोनयः

    dhvajāhṛto bhaktadāso gṛhajaḥ krītadattrimau |paitriko daṇḍadāsaśca saptaite dāsayonayaḥ

    There are slaves of seven kinds, (viz.) he who is made a captive under a standard, he who serves for his daily food, he who is born in the house, he who is bought and he who is given, he

  416. 8.416

    भार्या पुत्रश्च दासश्च त्रय एवाधनाः स्मृताः ।यत्ते समधिगच्छन्ति यस्य ते तस्य तद्धनम्

    bhāryā putraśca dāsaśca traya evādhanāḥ smṛtāḥ |yatte samadhigacchanti yasya te tasya taddhanam

    A wife, a son, and a slave, these three are declared to have no property ; the wealth which they earn is (acquired) for him to whom they belong. 413.' Whether bought or unbought,' i. e. ' whether maintained in

  417. 8.417

    विस्रब्धं ब्राह्मणः शूद्राद्द्रव्योपादानं आचरेत् ।न हि तस्यास्ति किं चित्स्वं भर्तृहार्यधनो हि सः

    visrabdhaṃ brāhmaṇaḥ śūdrāddravyopādānaṃ ācaret |na hi tasyāsti kiṃ citsvaṃ bhartṛhāryadhano hi saḥ

    A Brahma;2a may confidently seize the goods of (his) 6udra (slave) ; for, as that (slave) can have no property, his master may take his possessions. —

  418. 8.418

    वैश्यशूद्रौ प्रयत्नेन स्वानि कर्माणि कारयेत् ।तौ हि च्युतौ स्वकर्मभ्यः क्षोभयेतां इदं जगत्

    vaiśyaśūdrau prayatnena svāni karmāṇi kārayet |tau hi cyutau svakarmabhyaḥ kṣobhayetāṃ idaṃ jagat

    (The king) should carefully compel VaLsyas and £udras to perform the work (prescribed) for them ; for if these two (castes) swerved from their duties, they would throw this (whole) world into

  419. 8.419

    अहन्यहन्यवेक्षेत कर्मान्तान्वाहनानि च ।आयव्ययौ च नियतावाकरान्कोशं एव च

    ahanyahanyavekṣeta karmāntānvāhanāni ca |āyavyayau ca niyatāvākarānkośaṃ eva ca

    Let him daily look after the completion of his undertakings, his beasts of burden, and car- riages, (the collection of) his revenues and the dis- bursements, his mines and his treasury.

  420. 8.420

    एवं सर्वानिमान्राजा व्यवहारान्समापयन् ।व्यपोह्य किल्बिषं सर्वं प्राप्नोति परमां गतिम्

    evaṃ sarvānimānrājā vyavahārānsamāpayan |vyapohya kilbiṣaṃ sarvaṃ prāpnoti paramāṃ gatim

    A king who thus brings to a conclusion all the legal business enumerated above, and removes all sin, reaches the highest state (of bliss). Chapter IX.

Commentary

420 verses, 411 aligned to Bühler's 1886 English translation. Manusmriti is one of the more ideologically loaded texts in the Indian canon — its rules on caste, gender, and punishment have been read in radically different ways across time. We host the public-domain Bühler; modern critical translations (Olivelle 2005) include important historical context.