Manusmriti (Laws of Manu) · Chapter 9
Adhyaya 9: Husband and Wife; Inheritance; Lower Castes
Translated by Georg Bühler (1886, Sacred Books of the East Vol 25, public domain), 1886. Public domain.
- 9.1
पुरुषस्य स्त्रियाश्चैव धर्मे वर्त्मनि तिष्ठतोः ।संयोगे विप्रयोगे च धर्मान्वक्ष्यामि शाश्वतान्
puruṣasya striyāścaiva dharme vartmani tiṣṭhatoḥ |saṃyoge viprayoge ca dharmānvakṣyāmi śāśvatān
Let the three twice-born castes (var/za), dis- charging their (prescribed) duties, study (the Veda) ; but among them the Brahma/za (alone) shall teach it, not the other two ; that is an established rule.
- 9.2
अस्वतन्त्राः स्त्रियः कार्याः पुरुषैः स्वैर्दिवानिशम् ।विषयेषु च सज्जन्त्यः संस्थाप्या आत्मनो वशे
asvatantrāḥ striyaḥ kāryāḥ puruṣaiḥ svairdivāniśam |viṣayeṣu ca sajjantyaḥ saṃsthāpyā ātmano vaśe
' Must be kept under one's control,' i. e. ' they must be restrained from their vicious attachment' (atmano vaje sthapya yatha na sa- ^■yante), (Nar.)
- 9.3
पिता रक्षति कौमारे भर्ता रक्षति यौवने ।रक्षन्ति स्थविरे पुत्रा न स्त्री स्वातन्त्र्यं अर्हति
pitā rakṣati kaumāre bhartā rakṣati yauvane |rakṣanti sthavire putrā na strī svātantryaṃ arhati
' means of gain, i. e. a grant and the like, received from a king and the like, and gained by oneself, and means of protection' (prakare k& ish/akadi/^ ? Nar.) ; 4. ' sources of gain, i. e. persons for whom one sacrifices and the like, sources of protection, i. e.
- 9.4
कालेऽदाता पिता वाच्यो वाच्यश्चानुपयन्पतिः ।मृते भर्तरि पुत्रस्तु वाच्यो मातुररक्षिता
kāle'dātā pitā vācyo vācyaścānupayanpatiḥ |mṛte bhartari putrastu vācyo māturarakṣitā
Reprehensible is the father who gives not (his daughter in marriage) at the proper time ; reprehen- sible is the husband who approaches not (his wife in due season), and reprehensible is the son who does
- 9.5
सूक्ष्मेभ्योऽपि प्रसङ्गेभ्यः स्त्रियो रक्ष्या विशेषतः ।द्वयोर्हि कुलयोः शोकं आवहेयुररक्षिताः
sūkṣmebhyo'pi prasaṅgebhyaḥ striyo rakṣyā viśeṣataḥ |dvayorhi kulayoḥ śokaṃ āvaheyurarakṣitāḥ
Women must particularly be guarded against evil. inclinations, however trifling (they may appear); ^ for, if they are not guarded, they will bring sorrow on two families.
- 9.6
इमं हि सर्ववर्णानां पश्यन्तो धर्मं उत्तमम् ।यतन्ते रक्षितुं भार्यां भर्तारो दुर्बला अपि
imaṃ hi sarvavarṇānāṃ paśyanto dharmaṃ uttamam |yatante rakṣituṃ bhāryāṃ bhartāro durbalā api
Considering that the highest duty of all castes, even weak husbands (must) strive to guard their wives.
- 9.7
स्वां प्रसूतिं चरित्रं च कुलं आत्मानं एव च ।स्वं च धर्मं प्रयत्नेन जायां रक्षन्हि रक्षति
svāṃ prasūtiṃ caritraṃ ca kulaṃ ātmānaṃ eva ca |svaṃ ca dharmaṃ prayatnena jāyāṃ rakṣanhi rakṣati
He who carefully guards his wife, preserves (the purity of) his offspring, virtuous conduct, his family, himself, and his (means of acquiring) merit.
- 9.8
पतिर्भार्यां संप्रविश्य गर्भो भूत्वेह जायते ।जायायास्तद्धि जायात्वं यदस्यां जायते पुनः
patirbhāryāṃ saṃpraviśya garbho bhūtveha jāyate |jāyāyāstaddhi jāyātvaṃ yadasyāṃ jāyate punaḥ
The husband, after conception by his wife, be- Jv comes an embryo and is born again of her ; for that ]g is the wifehood of a wife (^aya), that he is born ** (^ayate) again by her.
- 9.9
यादृशं भजते हि स्त्री सुतं सूते तथाविधम् ।तस्मात्प्रजाविशुद्ध्यर्थं स्त्रियं रक्षेत्प्रयत्नतः
yādṛśaṃ bhajate hi strī sutaṃ sūte tathāvidham |tasmātprajāviśuddhyarthaṃ striyaṃ rakṣetprayatnataḥ
As the male is to whom a wife cleaves, even so is the son whom she brings forth ; let him there- fore carefully guard his wife, in order to keep his offspring pure.
- 9.10
न कश्चिद्योषितः शक्तः प्रसह्य परिरक्षितुम् ।एतैरुपाययोगैस्तु शक्यास्ताः परिरक्षितुम्
na kaścidyoṣitaḥ śaktaḥ prasahya parirakṣitum |etairupāyayogaistu śakyāstāḥ parirakṣitum
No man can completely guard women by force ; but they can be guarded by the employment of the (following) expedients :
- 9.11
अर्थस्य संग्रहे चैनां व्यये चैव नियोजयेत् ।शौचे धर्मेऽन्नपक्त्यां च पारिणाह्यस्य वेक्षणे
arthasya saṃgrahe caināṃ vyaye caiva niyojayet |śauce dharme'nnapaktyāṃ ca pāriṇāhyasya vekṣaṇe
Let the (husband) employ his (wife) in the collection and expenditure of his wealth, in keeping (everything) clean, in (the fulfilment of) religious duties, in the preparation of his food, and in looking
- 9.12
अरक्षिता गृहे रुद्धाः पुरुषैराप्तकारिभिः ।आत्मानं आत्मना यास्तु रक्षेयुस्ताः सुरक्षिताः
arakṣitā gṛhe ruddhāḥ puruṣairāptakāribhiḥ |ātmānaṃ ātmanā yāstu rakṣeyustāḥ surakṣitāḥ
Women, confined in the house under trust- worthy and obedient servants, are not (well) guarded ; but those who of their own accord keep guard over themselves, are well guarded.
- 9.13
पानं दुर्जनसंसर्गः पत्या च विरहोऽटनम् ।स्वप्नोऽन्यगेहवासश्च नारीसंदूषणानि षट्
pānaṃ durjanasaṃsargaḥ patyā ca viraho'ṭanam |svapno'nyagehavāsaśca nārīsaṃdūṣaṇāni ṣaṭ
Drinking (spirituous liquor), associating with wicked people, separation from the husband, ram- bling abroad, sleeping (at unseasonable hours), and dwelling in other men's houses, are the six causes
- 9.14
नैता रूपं परीक्षन्ते नासां वयसि संस्थितिः ।सुरूपं वा विरूपं वा पुमानित्येव भुञ्जते
naitā rūpaṃ parīkṣante nāsāṃ vayasi saṃsthitiḥ |surūpaṃ vā virūpaṃ vā pumānityeva bhuñjate
Women do not care for beauty, nor is their attention fixed on age; (thinking), '(It is enough that) he is a man/ they give themselves to the hand- some and to the ugly.
- 9.15
पौंश्चल्याच्चलचित्ताच्च नैस्नेह्याच्च स्वभावतः ।रक्षिता यत्नतोऽपीह भर्तृष्वेता विकुर्वते
pauṃścalyāccalacittācca naisnehyācca svabhāvataḥ |rakṣitā yatnato'pīha bhartṛṣvetā vikurvate
Through their passion for men, through their mutable temper, through their natural heartlessness, they become disloyal towards their husbands, how- ever carefully they may be guarded in this (world).
- 9.16
एवं स्वभावं ज्ञात्वासां प्रजापतिनिसर्गजम् ।परमं यत्नं आतिष्ठेत्पुरुषो रक्षणं प्रति
evaṃ svabhāvaṃ jñātvāsāṃ prajāpatinisargajam |paramaṃ yatnaṃ ātiṣṭhetpuruṣo rakṣaṇaṃ prati
Knowing their disposition, which the Lord of creatures laid in them at the creation, to be such, (every) man should most strenuously exert him- self to guard them.
- 9.17
शय्यासनं अलङ्कारं कामं क्रोधं अनार्जवं ंःअनार्यताम्] ।द्रोहभावं कुचर्यां च स्त्रीभ्यो मनुरकल्पयत्
śayyāsanaṃ alaṅkāraṃ kāmaṃ krodhaṃ anārjavaṃ ṃḥanāryatām] |drohabhāvaṃ kucaryāṃ ca strībhyo manurakalpayat
(When creating them) Manu allotted to women (a love of their) bed, (of their) seat and (of) ornament, impure desires, wrath, dishonesty, malice, and bad conduct.
- 9.18
नास्ति स्त्रीणां क्रिया मन्त्रैरिति धर्मे व्यवस्थितिः ।निरिन्द्रिया ह्यमन्त्राश्च स्त्रीभ्योऽनृतं इति स्थितिः
nāsti strīṇāṃ kriyā mantrairiti dharme vyavasthitiḥ |nirindriyā hyamantrāśca strībhyo'nṛtaṃ iti sthitiḥ
For women no (sacramental) rite (is per- formed) with sacred texts, thus the law is settled ; women (who are) destitute of strength and destitute of (the knowledge of) Vedic texts, (are as impure
- 9.19
तथा च श्रुतयो बह्व्यो निगीता निगमेष्वपि ।स्वालक्षण्यपरीक्षार्थं तासां शृणुत निष्कृतीः
tathā ca śrutayo bahvyo nigītā nigameṣvapi |svālakṣaṇyaparīkṣārthaṃ tāsāṃ śṛṇuta niṣkṛtīḥ
And to this effect many sacred texts are sung also in the Vedas, in order to (make) fully knowi the true disposition (of women) ; hear (now those texts which refer to) the expiation of their (sins).
- 9.20
यन्मे माता प्रलुलुभे विचरन्त्यपतिव्रता ।तन्मे रेतः पिता वृङ्क्तां इत्यस्यैतन्निदर्शनम्
yanme mātā pralulubhe vicarantyapativratā |tanme retaḥ pitā vṛṅktāṃ ityasyaitannidarśanam
'If my mother, going astray and unfaithful, conceived illicit desires, may my father keep that seed from me,' that is the scriptural text. L6
- 9.21
ध्यायत्यनिष्टं यत्किं चित्पाणिग्राहस्य चेतसा ।तस्यैष व्यभिचारस्य निह्नवः सम्यगुच्यते
dhyāyatyaniṣṭaṃ yatkiṃ citpāṇigrāhasya cetasā |tasyaiṣa vyabhicārasya nihnavaḥ samyagucyate
If a woman thinks in her heart of anything that would pain her husband, the (above-mentioned text) is declared (to be a means for) completely re- moving such infidelity.
- 9.22
यादृग्गुणेन भर्त्रा स्त्री संयुज्येत यथाविधि ।तादृग्गुणा सा भवति समुद्रेणेव निम्नगा
yādṛgguṇena bhartrā strī saṃyujyeta yathāvidhi |tādṛgguṇā sā bhavati samudreṇeva nimnagā
Whatever be the qualities of the man with whom a woman is united according to the law, such qualities even she assumes, like a river (united) with the ocean.
- 9.23
अक्षमाला वसिष्ठेन संयुक्ताधमयोनिजा ।शारङ्गी मन्दपालेन जगामाभ्यर्हणीयताम्
akṣamālā vasiṣṭhena saṃyuktādhamayonijā |śāraṅgī mandapālena jagāmābhyarhaṇīyatām
Akshamala, a woman of the lowest birth, being united to VasishMa and Sarangi, (being united) to Mandapala, became worthy of honour.
- 9.24
एताश्चान्याश्च लोकेऽस्मिन्नपकृष्टप्रसूतयः ।उत्कर्षं योषितः प्राप्ताः स्वैः स्वैर्भर्तृगुणैः शुभैः
etāścānyāśca loke'sminnapakṛṣṭaprasūtayaḥ |utkarṣaṃ yoṣitaḥ prāptāḥ svaiḥ svairbhartṛguṇaiḥ śubhaiḥ
These and other females of low birth have Sahkhayana Grzhya-sutra III, 13, and in the Aaturmasya portion of the Kanaka recension of the Black Ya^ur-veda. According to the former work it is to be recited by an Anyatrakarawa, ' the son of a
- 9.25
एषोदिता लोकयात्रा नित्यं स्त्रीपुंसयोः शुभा ।प्रेत्येह च सुखोदर्कान्प्रजाधर्मान्निबोधत
eṣoditā lokayātrā nityaṃ strīpuṃsayoḥ śubhā |pretyeha ca sukhodarkānprajādharmānnibodhata
Thus has been declared the ever pure popular usage (which regulates the relations) be- tween husband and wife ; hear (next) the laws con- cerning children which are the cause of happiness in
- 9.26
प्रजनार्थं महाभागाः पूजार्हा गृहदीप्तयः ।स्त्रियः श्रियश्च गेहेषु न विशेषोऽस्ति कश्चन
prajanārthaṃ mahābhāgāḥ pūjārhā gṛhadīptayaḥ |striyaḥ śriyaśca geheṣu na viśeṣo'sti kaścana
Between wives (striya^) who (are destined) to bear children, who secure many blessings, who are worthy of worship and irradiate (their) dwel- lings, and between the goddesses of fortune (mya/£,
- 9.27
उत्पादनं अपत्यस्य जातस्य परिपालनम् ।प्रत्यहं लोकयात्रायाः प्रत्यक्षं स्त्री निबन्धनम्
utpādanaṃ apatyasya jātasya paripālanam |pratyahaṃ lokayātrāyāḥ pratyakṣaṃ strī nibandhanam
The production of children, the nurture of those born, and the daily life of men, (of these matters) woman is visibly the cause.
- 9.28
अपत्यं धर्मकार्याणि शुश्रूषा रतिरुत्तमा ।दाराधीनस्तथा स्वर्गः पितॄणां आत्मनश्च ह
apatyaṃ dharmakāryāṇi śuśrūṣā ratiruttamā |dārādhīnastathā svargaḥ pitṝṇāṃ ātmanaśca ha
Offspring, (the due performance of) religious rites, faithful service, highest conjugal happiness and heavenly bliss for the ancestors and oneself, depend on one's wife alone.
- 9.29
पतिं या नाभिचरति मनोवाग्देहसंयता ।सा भर्तृलोकानाप्नोति सद्भिः साध्वीति चोच्यते
patiṃ yā nābhicarati manovāgdehasaṃyatā |sā bhartṛlokānāpnoti sadbhiḥ sādhvīti cocyate
She who, controlling her thoughts, speech, and acts, violates not her duty towards her lord, dwells with him (after death) in heaven, and in this world is called by the virtuous a faithful (wife, sadhvl).
- 9.30
व्यभिचारात्तु भर्तुः स्त्री लोके प्राप्नोति निन्द्यताम् ।सृगालयोनिं चाप्नोति पापरोगैश्च पीड्यते
vyabhicārāttu bhartuḥ strī loke prāpnoti nindyatām |sṛgālayoniṃ cāpnoti pāparogaiśca pīḍyate
But for disloyalty to her husband a wife is censured among men, and (in her next life) she is born in the womb of a jackal and tormented by diseases, the punishment of her sin.
- 9.31
पुत्रं प्रत्युदितं सद्भिः पूर्वजैश्च महर्षिभिः ।विश्वजन्यं इमं पुण्यं उपन्यासं निबोधत
putraṃ pratyuditaṃ sadbhiḥ pūrvajaiśca maharṣibhiḥ |viśvajanyaṃ imaṃ puṇyaṃ upanyāsaṃ nibodhata
Listen (now) to the following holy discussion, salutary to all men, which the virtuous (of the pre- sent day) and the ancient great sages have held concerning male offspring.
- 9.32
भर्तरि पुत्रं विजानन्ति श्रुतिद्वैधं तु कर्तरि ।आहुरुत्पादकं के चिदपरे क्षेत्रिणं विदुः
bhartari putraṃ vijānanti śrutidvaidhaṃ tu kartari |āhurutpādakaṃ ke cidapare kṣetriṇaṃ viduḥ
They (all) say that the male issue (of a woman) belongs to the lord, but with respect to the (meaning of the term) lord the revealed texts differ ; some call the begetter (of the child the lord), others
- 9.33
क्षेत्रभूता स्मृता नारी बीजभूतः स्मृतः पुमान् ।क्षेत्रबीजसमायोगात्संभवः सर्वदेहिनाम्
kṣetrabhūtā smṛtā nārī bījabhūtaḥ smṛtaḥ pumān |kṣetrabījasamāyogātsaṃbhavaḥ sarvadehinām
By the sacred tradition the woman is declared | to be the soil, the man is declared to be the seed ; the production of all corporeal beings (takes place) through the union of the soil with the seed. J
- 9.34
विशिष्टं कुत्र चिद्बीजं स्त्रीयोनिस्त्वेव कुत्र चित् ।उभयं तु समं यत्र सा प्रसूतिः प्रशस्यते
viśiṣṭaṃ kutra cidbījaṃ strīyonistveva kutra cit |ubhayaṃ tu samaṃ yatra sā prasūtiḥ praśasyate
In some cases the seed is more distinguished, and in some the womb of the female ; but when both are equal, the offspring is most highly esteemed.
- 9.35
बीजस्य चैव योन्याश्च बीजं उत्कृष्टं उच्यते ।सर्वभूतप्रसूतिर्हि बीजलक्षणलक्षिता
bījasya caiva yonyāśca bījaṃ utkṛṣṭaṃ ucyate |sarvabhūtaprasūtirhi bījalakṣaṇalakṣitā
On comparing the seed and the receptacle (of the seed), the seed is declared to be more im-<A portant ; for the offspring of all created beings is marked by the characteristics of the seed.
- 9.36
यादृशं तूप्यते बीजं क्षेत्रे कालोपपादिते ।तादृग्रोहति तत्तस्मिन्बीजं स्वैर्व्यञ्जितं गुणैः
yādṛśaṃ tūpyate bījaṃ kṣetre kālopapādite |tādṛgrohati tattasminbījaṃ svairvyañjitaṃ guṇaiḥ
Whatever (kind of) seed is sown in a field, prepared in due season, (a plant) of that same kind,
- 9.37
इयं भूमिर्हि भूतानां शाश्वती योनिरुच्यते ।न च योनिगुणान्कांश्चिद्बीजं पुष्यति पुष्टिषु
iyaṃ bhūmirhi bhūtānāṃ śāśvatī yonirucyate |na ca yoniguṇānkāṃścidbījaṃ puṣyati puṣṭiṣu
'Develops not any properties of the womb,' i. e. 'shows no properties such as being composed of earth' (Medh., Gov., Kull.).
- 9.38
भूमावप्येककेदारे कालोप्तानि कृषीवलैः ।नानारूपाणि जायन्ते बीजानीह स्वभावतः
bhūmāvapyekakedāre kāloptāni kṛṣīvalaiḥ |nānārūpāṇi jāyante bījānīha svabhāvataḥ
In this world seeds of different kinds, sown at the proper time in the land, even in one field, come forth (each) according to its kind.
- 9.39
व्रीहयः शालयो मुद्गास्तिला माषास्तथा यवाः ।यथाबीजं प्ररोहन्ति लशुनानीक्षवस्तथा
vrīhayaḥ śālayo mudgāstilā māṣāstathā yavāḥ |yathābījaṃ prarohanti laśunānīkṣavastathā
The rice (called) vrlhi and (that called) sail, mudga-beans, sesamum, masha-beans, barley, leeks, and sugar-cane, (all) spring up according to their seed.
- 9.40
अन्यदुप्तं जातं अन्यदित्येतन्नोपपद्यते ।उप्यते यद्धि यद्बीजं तत्तदेव प्ररोहति
anyaduptaṃ jātaṃ anyadityetannopapadyate |upyate yaddhi yadbījaṃ tattadeva prarohati
That one (plant) should be sown and another be produced cannot happen ; whatever seed is sown, (a plant of) that kind even comes forth.
- 9.41
तत्प्राज्ञेन विनीतेन ज्ञानविज्ञानवेदिना ।आयुष्कामेन वप्तव्यं न जातु परयोषिति
tatprājñena vinītena jñānavijñānavedinā |āyuṣkāmena vaptavyaṃ na jātu parayoṣiti
Never therefore must a prudent well- trained man, who knows the Veda and its Angas and desires long life, cohabit with another's wife.
- 9.42
अत्र गाथा वायुगीताः कीर्तयन्ति पुराविदः ।यथा बीजं न वप्तव्यं पुंसा परपरिग्रहे
atra gāthā vāyugītāḥ kīrtayanti purāvidaḥ |yathā bījaṃ na vaptavyaṃ puṃsā paraparigrahe
With respect to this (matter), those acquainted with the past recite some stanzas, sung by Vayu (the Wind, to show) that seed must not be sown by (any) man on that which belongs to another.
- 9.43
नश्यतीषुर्यथा विद्धः खे विद्धं अनुविध्यतः ।तथा नश्यति वै क्षिप्रं बीजं परपरिग्रहे
naśyatīṣuryathā viddhaḥ khe viddhaṃ anuvidhyataḥ |tathā naśyati vai kṣipraṃ bījaṃ paraparigrahe
As the arrow, shot by (a hunter) who after- wards hits a wounded (deer) in the wound (made by
- 9.44
पृथोरपीमां पृथिवीं भार्यां पूर्वविदो विदुः ।स्थाणुच्छेदस्य केदारं आहुः शाल्यवतो मृगम्
pṛthorapīmāṃ pṛthivīṃ bhāryāṃ pūrvavido viduḥ |sthāṇucchedasya kedāraṃ āhuḥ śālyavato mṛgam
(Sages) who know the past call this earth (przthivi) even the wife of Frzthu ; they declare a field to belong to him who cleared away the timber, and a deer to him who (first) wounded it.
- 9.45
एतावानेव पुरुषो यज्जायात्मा प्रजेति ह ।विप्राः प्राहुस्तथा चैतद्यो भर्ता सा स्मृताङ्गना
etāvāneva puruṣo yajjāyātmā prajeti ha |viprāḥ prāhustathā caitadyo bhartā sā smṛtāṅganā
He only is a perfect man who consists (of three persons united), his wife, himself, and his off- spring ; thus (says the Veda), and (learned) Brah- ma^as propound this (maxim) likewise, ' The hus-
- 9.46
न निष्क्रयविसर्गाभ्यां भर्तुर्भार्या विमुच्यते ।एवं धर्मं विजानीमः प्राक्प्रजापतिनिर्मितम्
na niṣkrayavisargābhyāṃ bharturbhāryā vimucyate |evaṃ dharmaṃ vijānīmaḥ prākprajāpatinirmitam
Neither by sale nor by repudiation is a wife released from her husband ; such we know the law to be, which the Lord of creatures (Pra^apati) made of old.
- 9.47
सकृदंशो निपतति सकृत्कन्या प्रदीयते ।सकृदाह ददानीति त्रीण्येतानि सतां सकृत्
sakṛdaṃśo nipatati sakṛtkanyā pradīyate |sakṛdāha dadānīti trīṇyetāni satāṃ sakṛt
Once is the partition (of the inheritance) made, (once is) a maiden given in marriage, (and) once does (a man) say, ' I will give ;' each of those three (acts is done) once only.
- 9.48
यथा गोऽश्वोष्ट्रदासीषु महिष्यजाविकासु च ।नोत्पादकः प्रजाभागी तथैवान्याङ्गनास्वपि
yathā go'śvoṣṭradāsīṣu mahiṣyajāvikāsu ca |notpādakaḥ prajābhāgī tathaivānyāṅganāsvapi
As with cows, mares, female camels, slave- girls, buffalo-cows, she-goats, and ewes, it is not the begetter (or his owner) who obtains the offspring, even thus (it is) with the wives of others.
- 9.49
येऽक्षेत्रिणो बीजवन्तः परक्षेत्रप्रवापिणः ।ते वै सस्यस्य जातस्य न लभन्ते फलं क्व चित्
ye'kṣetriṇo bījavantaḥ parakṣetrapravāpiṇaḥ |te vai sasyasya jātasya na labhante phalaṃ kva cit
Those who, having no property in a field, but possessing seed-corn, sow it in another's soil, do indeed not receive the grain of the crop which may spring up.
- 9.50
यदन्यगोषु वृषभो वत्सानां जनयेच्छतम् ।गोमिनां एव ते वत्सा मोघं स्कन्दितं आर्षभम्
yadanyagoṣu vṛṣabho vatsānāṃ janayecchatam |gomināṃ eva te vatsā moghaṃ skanditaṃ ārṣabham
If (one man's) bull were to beget a hundred calves on another man's cows, they would belong to the owner of the cows ; in vain would the bull have spent his strength.
- 9.51
तथैवाक्षेत्रिणो बीजं परक्षेत्रप्रवापिणः ।कुर्वन्ति क्षेत्रिणां अर्थं न बीजी लभते फलम्
tathaivākṣetriṇo bījaṃ parakṣetrapravāpiṇaḥ |kurvanti kṣetriṇāṃ arthaṃ na bījī labhate phalam
Thus men who have no marital property in women, but sow their seed in the soil of others, benefit the owner of the woman ; but the giver of the seed reaps no advantage.
- 9.52
फलं त्वनभिसंधाय क्षेत्रिणां बीजिनां तथा ।प्रत्यक्षं क्षेत्रिणां अर्थो बीजाद्योनिर्गलीयसी
phalaṃ tvanabhisaṃdhāya kṣetriṇāṃ bījināṃ tathā |pratyakṣaṃ kṣetriṇāṃ artho bījādyonirgalīyasī
If no agreement with respect to the crop has been made between the owner of the field and the owner of the seed, the benefit clearly belongs to the owner of the field ; the receptacle is more important
- 9.53
क्रियाभ्युपगमात्त्वेतद्बीजार्थं यत्प्रदीयते ।तस्येह भागिनौ दृष्टौ बीजी क्षेत्रिक एव च
kriyābhyupagamāttvetadbījārthaṃ yatpradīyate |tasyeha bhāginau dṛṣṭau bījī kṣetrika eva ca
But if by a special contract (a field) is made over (to another) for sowing, then the owner of the seed and the owner of the soil are both considered in this world as sharers of the (crop).
- 9.54
ओघवाताहृतं बीजं यस्य क्षेत्रे प्ररोहति ।क्षेत्रिकस्यैव तद्बीजं न वप्ता लभते फलम्
oghavātāhṛtaṃ bījaṃ yasya kṣetre prarohati |kṣetrikasyaiva tadbījaṃ na vaptā labhate phalam
If seed be carried by water or wind into made over to him cannot be resumed by the others.' Nar. refers the phrase 'I will give' to a verbal promise to give a girl, made without a libation of water. I read with Medh., Gov., Ragh.,
- 9.55
एष धर्मो गवाश्वस्य दास्युष्ट्राजाविकस्य च ।विहंगमहिषीणां च विज्ञेयः प्रसवं प्रति
eṣa dharmo gavāśvasya dāsyuṣṭrājāvikasya ca |vihaṃgamahiṣīṇāṃ ca vijñeyaḥ prasavaṃ prati
Know that such is the law concerning the offspring of cows, mares, slave-girls, female camels, she-goats, and ewes, as well as of females of birds and buffalo-cows. __
- 9.56
एतद्वः सारफल्गुत्वं बीजयोन्योः प्रकीर्तितम् ।अतः परं प्रवक्ष्यामि योषितां धर्मं आपदि
etadvaḥ sāraphalgutvaṃ bījayonyoḥ prakīrtitam |ataḥ paraṃ pravakṣyāmi yoṣitāṃ dharmaṃ āpadi
Thus the comparative importance of the seed and of the womb has been declared to you ; I will next propound the law (applicable) to women in times of misfortune.
- 9.57
भ्रातुर्ज्येष्ठस्य भार्या या गुरुपत्न्यनुजस्य सा ।यवीयसस्तु या भार्या स्नुषा ज्येष्ठस्य सा स्मृता
bhrāturjyeṣṭhasya bhāryā yā gurupatnyanujasya sā |yavīyasastu yā bhāryā snuṣā jyeṣṭhasya sā smṛtā
The wife of an elder brother is for his j younger (brother) the wife of a Guru ; but the wife of the younger is declared (to be) the daughter-in- j law of the elder.
- 9.58
ज्येष्ठो यवीयसो भार्यां यवीयान्वाग्रजस्त्रियम् ।पतितौ भवतो गत्वा नियुक्तावप्यनापदि
jyeṣṭho yavīyaso bhāryāṃ yavīyānvāgrajastriyam |patitau bhavato gatvā niyuktāvapyanāpadi
An elder (brother) who approaches the wife | of the younger, and a younger (brother who ap- ^ proaches) the wife of the elder, except in times of misfortune, both become outcasts, even though j
- 9.59
देवराद्वा सपिण्डाद्वा स्त्रिया सम्यङ्नियुक्तया ।प्रजेप्सिताआधिगन्तव्या संतानस्य परिक्षये
devarādvā sapiṇḍādvā striyā samyaṅniyuktayā |prajepsitāādhigantavyā saṃtānasya parikṣaye
On failure of issue (by her husband) a woman who has been authorised, may obtain, (in the) proper (manner prescribed), the desired offspring by (coha- bitation with) a brother-in-law or (with some other)
- 9.60
विधवायां नियुक्तस्तु घृताक्तो वाग्यतो निशि ।एकं उत्पादयेत्पुत्रं न द्वितीयं कथं चन
vidhavāyāṃ niyuktastu ghṛtākto vāgyato niśi |ekaṃ utpādayetputraṃ na dvitīyaṃ kathaṃ cana
He (who is) appointed to (cohabit with) the widow shall (approach her) at night anointed with clarified butter and silent, (and) beget one son, by no means a second.
- 9.61
द्वितीयं एके प्रजनं मन्यन्ते स्त्रीषु तद्विदः ।अनिर्वृतं नियोगार्थं पश्यन्तो धर्मतस्तयोः
dvitīyaṃ eke prajanaṃ manyante strīṣu tadvidaḥ |anirvṛtaṃ niyogārthaṃ paśyanto dharmatastayoḥ
Some (sages), versed in the law, considering the purpose of the appointment not to have been attained by those two (on the birth of the first), think that a second (son) may be lawfully procreated
- 9.62
विधवायां नियोगार्थे निर्वृत्ते तु यथाविधि ।गुरुवच्च स्नुषावच्च वर्तेयातां परस्परम्
vidhavāyāṃ niyogārthe nirvṛtte tu yathāvidhi |guruvacca snuṣāvacca varteyātāṃ parasparam
But when the purpose of the appointment to (cohabit with) the widow has been attained in accordance with the law, those two shall behave towards each other like a father and a daughter-
- 9.63
नियुक्तौ यौ विधिं हित्वा वर्तेयातां तु कामतः ।तावुभौ पतितौ स्यातां स्नुषागगुरुतल्पगौ
niyuktau yau vidhiṃ hitvā varteyātāṃ tu kāmataḥ |tāvubhau patitau syātāṃ snuṣāgagurutalpagau
If those two (being thus) appointed deviate from the rule and act from carnal desire, they will both become outcasts, (as men) who defile the bed of a daughter-in-law or of a Guru.
- 9.64
नान्यस्मिन्विधवा नारी नियोक्तव्या द्विजातिभिः ।अन्यस्मिन्हि नियुञ्जाना धर्मं हन्युः सनातनम्
nānyasminvidhavā nārī niyoktavyā dvijātibhiḥ |anyasminhi niyuñjānā dharmaṃ hanyuḥ sanātanam
By twice-born men a widow must not be appointed to (cohabit with) any other (than her hus- band) ; for they who appoint (her) to another (man), will violate the eternal law.
- 9.65
नोद्वाहिकेषु मन्त्रेषु नियोगः कीर्त्यते क्व चित् ।न विवाहविधावुक्तं विधवावेदनं पुनः
nodvāhikeṣu mantreṣu niyogaḥ kīrtyate kva cit |na vivāhavidhāvuktaṃ vidhavāvedanaṃ punaḥ
In the sacred texts which refer to marriage the appointment (of widows) is nowhere mentioned, nor is the re-marriage of widows prescribed in the rules concerning marriage.
- 9.66
अयं द्विजैर्हि विद्वद्भिः पशुधर्मो विगर्हितः ।मनुष्याणां अपि प्रोक्तो वेने राज्यं प्रशासति
ayaṃ dvijairhi vidvadbhiḥ paśudharmo vigarhitaḥ |manuṣyāṇāṃ api prokto vene rājyaṃ praśāsati
This practice which is reprehended by the learned of the twice-born castes as fit for cattle is said (to have occurred) even among men, while Vena ruled.
- 9.67
स महीं अखिलां भुञ्जन्राजर्षिप्रवरः पुरा ।वर्णानां संकरं चक्रे कामोपहतचेतनः
sa mahīṃ akhilāṃ bhuñjanrājarṣipravaraḥ purā |varṇānāṃ saṃkaraṃ cakre kāmopahatacetanaḥ
That chief of royal sages who formerly possessed the whole world, caused a confusion of the castes (vanza), his intellect being destroyed by lust.
- 9.68
ततः प्रभृति यो मोहात्प्रमीतपतिकां स्त्रियम् ।नियोजयत्यपत्यार्थं तं विगर्हन्ति साधवः
tataḥ prabhṛti yo mohātpramītapatikāṃ striyam |niyojayatyapatyārthaṃ taṃ vigarhanti sādhavaḥ
Since that (time) the virtuous censure that (man) who in his folly appoints a woman, whose husband died, to (bear) children (to another man).
- 9.69
यस्या म्रियेत कन्याया वाचा सत्ये कृते पतिः ।तां अनेन विधानेन निजो विन्देत देवरः
yasyā mriyeta kanyāyā vācā satye kṛte patiḥ |tāṃ anena vidhānena nijo vindeta devaraḥ
If the (future) husband of a maiden dies after troth verbally plighted, her brother-in-law shall wed her according to the following rule.
- 9.70
यथाविध्यधिगम्यैनां शुक्लवस्त्रां शुचिव्रताम् ।मिथो भजेता प्रसवात्सकृत्सकृदृतावृतौ
yathāvidhyadhigamyaināṃ śuklavastrāṃ śucivratām |mitho bhajetā prasavātsakṛtsakṛdṛtāvṛtau
Having, according to the rule, espoused her (who must be) clad in white garments and be intent addition. For the same view is expressed by Ap. II, 27, 2-6, and was held, according to Baudh. II, 3, 34, by Aupa^andhani. More-
- 9.71
न दत्त्वा कस्य चित्कन्यां पुनर्दद्याद्विचक्षणः ।दत्त्वा पुनः प्रयच्छन्हि प्राप्नोति पुरुषानृतम्
na dattvā kasya citkanyāṃ punardadyādvicakṣaṇaḥ |dattvā punaḥ prayacchanhi prāpnoti puruṣānṛtam
Let no prudent man, after giving his daughter to one (man), give her again to another ; for he who gives (his daughter) whom he had before given, incurs (the guilt of) speaking falsely regarding a
- 9.72
विधिवत्प्रतिगृह्यापि त्यजेत्कन्यां विगर्हिताम् ।व्याधितां विप्रदुष्टां वा छद्मना चोपपादिताम्
vidhivatpratigṛhyāpi tyajetkanyāṃ vigarhitām |vyādhitāṃ vipraduṣṭāṃ vā chadmanā copapāditām
'In due form/ i.e. 'with a libation of water and in the presence of Brahma^as' (Medh., Kull., Ragh.). ' Blemished/ i. e. 'by evil bodily marks' (Medh., Kull., Ragh., Nand.), or 'by being of a base family' (Nar.).
- 9.73
यस्तु दोषवतीं कन्यां अनाख्यायोपपादयेत् ।तस्य तद्वितथं कुर्यात्कन्यादातुर्दुरात्मनः
yastu doṣavatīṃ kanyāṃ anākhyāyopapādayet |tasya tadvitathaṃ kuryātkanyādāturdurātmanaḥ
If anybody gives away a maiden possessing blemishes without declaring them, (the bridegroom) may annul that (contract) with the evil-minded giver.
- 9.74
विधाय वृत्तिं भार्यायाः प्रवसेत्कार्यवान्नरः ।अवृत्तिकर्शिता हि स्त्री प्रदुष्येत्स्थितिमत्यपि
vidhāya vṛttiṃ bhāryāyāḥ pravasetkāryavānnaraḥ |avṛttikarśitā hi strī praduṣyetsthitimatyapi
A man who has business (abroad) may de- part after securing a maintenance for his wife ; for a wife, even though virtuous, may be corrupted if she be distressed by want of subsistence.
- 9.75
विधाय प्रोषिते वृत्तिं जीवेन्नियमं आस्थिता ।प्रोषिते त्वविधायैव जीवेच्छिल्पैरगर्हितैः
vidhāya proṣite vṛttiṃ jīvenniyamaṃ āsthitā |proṣite tvavidhāyaiva jīvecchilpairagarhitaiḥ
If (the husband) went on a journey after pro- viding (for her), the wife shall subject herself to restraints in her daily life ; but if he departed with- out providing (for her), she may subsist by blame-
- 9.76
प्रोषितो धर्मकार्यार्थं प्रतीक्ष्योऽष्टौ नरः समाः ।विद्यार्थं षड्यशोऽर्थं वा कामार्थं त्रींस्तु वत्सरान्
proṣito dharmakāryārthaṃ pratīkṣyo'ṣṭau naraḥ samāḥ |vidyārthaṃ ṣaḍyaśo'rthaṃ vā kāmārthaṃ trīṃstu vatsarān
Gaut. XVIII, 15, 17; Vas.XVII, 75-80. Kull, Nar., and Ragh. declare that after the expiration of the terms mentioned the wife shall go to seek her husband. Nand. says, ' the meaning is that no sin is committed if she afterwards takes another husband.'
- 9.77
संवत्सरं प्रतीक्षेत द्विषन्तीं योषितं पतिः ।ऊर्ध्वं संवत्सरात्त्वेनां दायं हृत्वा न संवसेत्
saṃvatsaraṃ pratīkṣeta dviṣantīṃ yoṣitaṃ patiḥ |ūrdhvaṃ saṃvatsarāttvenāṃ dāyaṃ hṛtvā na saṃvaset
' Her property,' i.e. ' the ornaments and other wealth given to her by himself (Kull., Ragh., Nand.), or ' her separate property, which he may have given to her' (stridhana, Nar.). The com- mentators add that she must, however, be maintained.
- 9.78
अतिक्रामेत्प्रमत्तं या मत्तं रोगार्तं एव वा ।सा त्रीन्मासान्परित्याज्या विभूषणपरिच्छदा
atikrāmetpramattaṃ yā mattaṃ rogārtaṃ eva vā |sā trīnmāsānparityājyā vibhūṣaṇaparicchadā
She who shows disrespect to (a husband) who is addicted to (some evil) passion, is a drunkard, or diseased, shall be deserted for three months (and be) deprived of her ornaments and furniture.
- 9.79
उन्मत्तं पतितं क्लीबं अबीजं पापरोगिणम् ।न त्यागोऽस्ति द्विषन्त्याश्च न च दायापवर्तनम्
unmattaṃ patitaṃ klībaṃ abījaṃ pāparogiṇam |na tyāgo'sti dviṣantyāśca na ca dāyāpavartanam
But she who shows aversion towards a mad or outcast (husband), a eunuch, one destitute of manly strength, or one afflicted with such diseases as punish crimes, shall neither be cast off nor be de-
- 9.80
मद्यपासाधुवृत्ता च प्रतिकूला च या भवेत् ।व्याधिता वाधिवेत्तव्या हिंस्रार्थघ्नी च सर्वदा
madyapāsādhuvṛttā ca pratikūlā ca yā bhavet |vyādhitā vādhivettavyā hiṃsrārthaghnī ca sarvadā
She who drinks spirituous liquor, is of bad life/ i.e. 'shall not adorn herself, nor visit the houses of strangers, or go to festivals' (Medh., Kull., Ragh.).
- 9.81
वन्ध्याष्टमेऽधिवेद्याऽअब्दे दशमे तु मृतप्रजा ।एकादशे स्त्रीजननी सद्यस्त्वप्रियवादिनी
vandhyāṣṭame'dhivedyā'abde daśame tu mṛtaprajā |ekādaśe strījananī sadyastvapriyavādinī
- 9.82
या रोगिणी स्यात्तु हिता संपन्ना चैव शीलतः ।सानुज्ञाप्याधिवेत्तव्या नावमान्या च कर्हि चित्
yā rogiṇī syāttu hitā saṃpannā caiva śīlataḥ |sānujñāpyādhivettavyā nāvamānyā ca karhi cit
But a sick wife who is kind (to her husband) and virtuous in her conduct, may be superseded (only) with her own consent and must never be disgraced.
- 9.83
अधिविन्ना तु या नारी निर्गच्छेद्रुषिता गृहात् ।सा सद्यः संनिरोद्धव्या त्याज्या वा कुलसंनिधौ
adhivinnā tu yā nārī nirgacchedruṣitā gṛhāt |sā sadyaḥ saṃniroddhavyā tyājyā vā kulasaṃnidhau
A wife who, being superseded, in anger de- parts from (her husband's) house, must either be instantly confined or cast off in the presence of the family.
- 9.84
प्रतिषिद्धापि चेद्या तु मद्यं अभ्युदयेष्वपि ।प्रेक्षासमाजं गच्छेद्वा सा दण्ड्या कृष्णलानि षट्
pratiṣiddhāpi cedyā tu madyaṃ abhyudayeṣvapi |prekṣāsamājaṃ gacchedvā sā daṇḍyā kṛṣṇalāni ṣaṭ
But she who, though having been forbidden, drinks spirituous liquor even at festivals, or goes to public spectacles or assemblies, shall be fined six krzsh/zalas.
- 9.85
यदि स्वाश्चापराश्चैव विन्देरन्योषितो द्विजाः ।तासां वर्णक्रमेण स्याज्ज्येष्ठ्यं पूजा च वेश्म च
yadi svāścāparāścaiva vinderanyoṣito dvijāḥ |tāsāṃ varṇakrameṇa syājjyeṣṭhyaṃ pūjā ca veśma ca
If twice-born men wed women of their own and of other (lower castes), the seniority, honour, and habitation of those (wives) must be (settled) according to the order of the castes (vama).
- 9.86
भर्तुः शरीरशुश्रूषां धर्मकार्यं च नैत्यकम् ।स्वा चैव कुर्यात्सर्वेषां नास्वजातिः कथं चन
bhartuḥ śarīraśuśrūṣāṃ dharmakāryaṃ ca naityakam |svā caiva kuryātsarveṣāṃ nāsvajātiḥ kathaṃ cana
Among all (twice-born men) the wife of equal caste alone, not a wife of a different caste by any means, shall personally attend her husband and assist him in his daily sacred rites.
- 9.87
यस्तु तत्कारयेन्मोहात्सजात्या स्थितयान्यया ।यथा ब्राह्मणचाण्डालः पूर्वदृष्टस्तथैव सः
yastu tatkārayenmohātsajātyā sthitayānyayā |yathā brāhmaṇacāṇḍālaḥ pūrvadṛṣṭastathaiva saḥ
Vi. XXVI, 2. Instead of 'by the ancients ' (Kull., Ragh., IX, 93' DUTIES OF HUSBAND AND WIFE. 343 performed by another, while his wife of equal caste is alive, is declared by the ancients (to be) as (despi-
- 9.88
उत्कृष्टायाभिरूपाय वराय सदृशाय च ।अप्राप्तां अपि तां तस्मै कन्यां दद्याद्यथाविधि
utkṛṣṭāyābhirūpāya varāya sadṛśāya ca |aprāptāṃ api tāṃ tasmai kanyāṃ dadyādyathāvidhi
To a distinguished, handsome suitor (of) equal (caste) should (a father) give his daughter in ac- cordance with the prescribed rule, though she have not attained (the proper age).
- 9.89
कामं आमरणात्तिष्ठेद्गृहे कन्यार्तुमत्यपि ।न चैवैनां प्रयच्छेत्तु गुणहीनाय कर्हिचित्
kāmaṃ āmaraṇāttiṣṭhedgṛhe kanyārtumatyapi |na caivaināṃ prayacchettu guṇahīnāya karhicit
(But) the maiden, though marriageable, should rather stop in (the father's) house until death, than that he should ever give her to a man destitute of good qualities.
- 9.90
त्रीणि वर्षाण्युदीक्षेत कुमार्यृतुमती सती ।ऊर्ध्वं तु कालादेतस्माद्विन्देत सदृशं पतिम्
trīṇi varṣāṇyudīkṣeta kumāryṛtumatī satī |ūrdhvaṃ tu kālādetasmādvindeta sadṛśaṃ patim
Three years let a damsel wait, though she be marriageable ; but after that time let her choose for herself a bridegroom (of) equal (caste and rank).
- 9.91
अदीयमाना भर्तारं अधिगच्छेद्यदि स्वयम् ।नैनः किं चिदवाप्नोति न च यं साधिगच्छति
adīyamānā bhartāraṃ adhigacchedyadi svayam |nainaḥ kiṃ cidavāpnoti na ca yaṃ sādhigacchati
If, being not given in marriage, she herself seeks a husband, she incurs no guilt, nor (does) he whom she weds.
- 9.92
अलङ्कारं नाददीत पित्र्यं कन्या स्वयंवरा ।मातृकं भ्रातृदत्तं वा स्तेना स्याद्यदि तं हरेत्
alaṅkāraṃ nādadīta pitryaṃ kanyā svayaṃvarā |mātṛkaṃ bhrātṛdattaṃ vā stenā syādyadi taṃ haret
A maiden who choses for herself, shall not take with her any ornaments, given by her father or her mother, or her brothers ; if she carries them away, it will be theft.
- 9.93
पित्रे न दद्याच्छुल्कं तु कन्यां ऋतुमतीं हरन् ।स च स्वाम्यादतिक्रामेदृतूनां प्रतिरोधनात्
pitre na dadyācchulkaṃ tu kanyāṃ ṛtumatīṃ haran |sa ca svāmyādatikrāmedṛtūnāṃ pratirodhanāt
But he who takes (to wife) a marriageable Nand.), Medh. says, ' since olden times,' Nar. ' in the Pura//a.' Regarding the origin of the ^aw^/alas, see below, X, 12. 88-92. Gaut. XVIII, 20-23; Vas. XVII, 69-71; Baudh. IV, 1,
- 9.94
त्रिंशद्वर्षो वहेत्कन्यां हृद्यां द्वादशवार्षिकीम् ।त्र्यष्टवर्षोऽष्टवर्षां वा धर्मे सीदति सत्वरः
triṃśadvarṣo vahetkanyāṃ hṛdyāṃ dvādaśavārṣikīm |tryaṣṭavarṣo'ṣṭavarṣāṃ vā dharme sīdati satvaraḥ
A man, aged thirty years, shall marry a maiden of twelve who pleases him, or a man of twenty-four a girl eight years of age ; if (the per- formance of) his duties would (otherwise) be im-
- 9.95
देवदत्तां पतिर्भार्यां विन्दते नेच्छयात्मनः ।तां साध्वीं बिभृयान्नित्यं देवानां प्रियं आचरन्
devadattāṃ patirbhāryāṃ vindate necchayātmanaḥ |tāṃ sādhvīṃ bibhṛyānnityaṃ devānāṃ priyaṃ ācaran
The husband receives his wife from the gods, (he does not wed her) according to his own will ; doing what is agreeable to the gods, he must always support her (while she is) faithful.
- 9.96
प्रजनार्थं स्त्रियः सृष्टाः संतानार्थं च मानवः ।तस्मात्साधारणो धर्मः श्रुतौ पत्न्या सहोदितः
prajanārthaṃ striyaḥ sṛṣṭāḥ saṃtānārthaṃ ca mānavaḥ |tasmātsādhāraṇo dharmaḥ śrutau patnyā sahoditaḥ
To be mothers were women created, and to be fathers men ; religious rites, therefore, are or- dained in the Veda to be performed (by the hus- band) together with the wife.
- 9.97
कन्यायां दत्तशुल्कायां म्रियेत यदि शुल्कदः ।देवराय प्रदातव्या यदि कन्यानुमन्यते
kanyāyāṃ dattaśulkāyāṃ mriyeta yadi śulkadaḥ |devarāya pradātavyā yadi kanyānumanyate
If, after the nuptial fee has been paid for a maiden, the giver of the fee dies, she shall be given in marriage to his brother, in case she consents.
- 9.98
आददीत न शूद्रोऽपि शुल्कं दुहितरं ददन् ।शुल्कं हि गृह्णन्कुरुते छन्नं दुहितृविक्रयम्
ādadīta na śūdro'pi śulkaṃ duhitaraṃ dadan |śulkaṃ hi gṛhṇankurute channaṃ duhitṛvikrayam
Even a 6udra ought not to take a nuptial fee, when he gives away his daughter ; for he who takes a fee sells his daughter, covering (the transaction by another name).
- 9.99
एतत्तु न परे चक्रुर्नापरे जातु साधवः ।यदन्यस्य प्रतिज्ञाय पुनरन्यस्य दीयते
etattu na pare cakrurnāpare jātu sādhavaḥ |yadanyasya pratijñāya punaranyasya dīyate
Neither ancients nor moderns who were good men have done such (a deed) that, after promising (a daughter) to one man, they gave her to another ;
- 9.100
नानुशुश्रुम जात्वेतत्पूर्वेष्वपि हि जन्मसु ।शुल्कसंज्ञेन मूल्येन छन्नं दुहितृविक्रयम्
nānuśuśruma jātvetatpūrveṣvapi hi janmasu |śulkasaṃjñena mūlyena channaṃ duhitṛvikrayam
Nor, indeed, have we heard, even in former creations, of such (a thing as) the covert sale of a daughter for a fixed price, called a nuptial fee. 1 01. ' Let mutual fidelity continue until death/
- 9.101
अन्योन्यस्याव्यभिचारो भवेदामरणान्तिकः ।एष धर्मः समासेन ज्ञेयः स्त्रीपुंसयोः परः
anyonyasyāvyabhicāro bhavedāmaraṇāntikaḥ |eṣa dharmaḥ samāsena jñeyaḥ strīpuṃsayoḥ paraḥ
- 9.102
तथा नित्यं यतेयातां स्त्रीपुंसौ तु कृतक्रियौ ।यथा नाभिचरेतां तौ वियुक्तावितरेतरम्
tathā nityaṃ yateyātāṃ strīpuṃsau tu kṛtakriyau |yathā nābhicaretāṃ tau viyuktāvitaretaram
Let man and woman, united in marriage, constantly exert themselves, that (they may not be) disunited (and) may not violate their mutual fidelity.
- 9.103
एष स्त्रीपुंसयोरुक्तो धर्मो वो रतिसंहितः ।आपद्यपत्यप्राप्तिश्च दायधर्मं निबोधत
eṣa strīpuṃsayorukto dharmo vo ratisaṃhitaḥ |āpadyapatyaprāptiśca dāyadharmaṃ nibodhata
Thus has been declared to you the law for a husband and his wife, which is intimately connected with conjugal happiness, and the manner of raising offspring in times of calamity ; learn (now the law
- 9.104
ऊर्ध्वं पितुश्च मातुश्च समेत्य भ्रातरः समम् ।भजेरन्पैतृकं रिक्थं अनीशास्ते हि जीवतोः
ūrdhvaṃ pituśca mātuśca sametya bhrātaraḥ samam |bhajeranpaitṛkaṃ rikthaṃ anīśāste hi jīvatoḥ
After the death of the father and of the mother, the brothers, being assembled, may divide among themselves in equal shares the paternal (and the maternal) estate ; for, they have no power (over
- 9.105
ज्येष्ठ एव तु गृह्णीयात्पित्र्यं धनं अशेषतः ।शेषास्तं उपजीवेयुर्यथैव पितरं तथा
jyeṣṭha eva tu gṛhṇīyātpitryaṃ dhanaṃ aśeṣataḥ |śeṣāstaṃ upajīveyuryathaiva pitaraṃ tathā
(Or) the eldest alone may take the whole paternal estate, the others shall live under him just as (they lived) under their father.
- 9.106
ज्येष्ठेन जातमात्रेण पुत्री भवति मानवः ।पितॄणां अनृणश्चैव स तस्मात्सर्वं अर्हति
jyeṣṭhena jātamātreṇa putrī bhavati mānavaḥ |pitṝṇāṃ anṛṇaścaiva sa tasmātsarvaṃ arhati
Immediately on the birth of his first-born a man is (called) the father of a son and is freed from the debt to the manes ; that (son), therefore, is worthy (to receive) the whole estate.
- 9.107
यस्मिन्नृणं संनयति येन चानन्त्यं अश्नुते ।स एव धर्मजः पुत्रः कामजानितरान्विदुः
yasminnṛṇaṃ saṃnayati yena cānantyaṃ aśnute |sa eva dharmajaḥ putraḥ kāmajānitarānviduḥ
That son alone on whom he throws his debt and through whom he obtains immortality, is be- gotten for (the fulfilment of) the law; all the rest they consider the offspring of desire.
- 9.108
पितेव पालयेत्पूत्रान्ज्येष्ठो भ्रातॄण् यवीयसः ।पुत्रवच्चापि वर्तेरन्ज्येष्ठे भ्रातरि धर्मतः
piteva pālayetpūtrānjyeṣṭho bhrātṝṇ yavīyasaḥ |putravaccāpi varteranjyeṣṭhe bhrātari dharmataḥ
As a father (supports) his sons, so let the eldest support his younger brothers, and let them also in accordance with the law behave towards their eldest brother as sons (behave towards their father).
- 9.109
ज्येष्ठः कुलं वर्धयति विनाशयति वा पुनः ।ज्येष्ठः पूज्यतमो लोके ज्येष्ठः सद्भिरगर्हितः
jyeṣṭhaḥ kulaṃ vardhayati vināśayati vā punaḥ |jyeṣṭhaḥ pūjyatamo loke jyeṣṭhaḥ sadbhiragarhitaḥ
The eldest (son) makes the family prosperous or, on the contrary, brings it to ruin ; the eldest (is considered) among men most worthy of honour, the eldest is not treated with disrespect by the virtuous.
- 9.110
यो ज्येष्ठो ज्येष्ठवृत्तिः स्यान्मातेव स पितेव सः ।अज्येष्ठवृत्तिर्यस्तु स्यात्स संपूज्यस्तु बन्धुवत्
yo jyeṣṭho jyeṣṭhavṛttiḥ syānmāteva sa piteva saḥ |ajyeṣṭhavṛttiryastu syātsa saṃpūjyastu bandhuvat
- 9.111
एवं सह वसेयुर्वा पृथग्वा धर्मकाम्यया ।पृथग्विवर्धते धर्मस्तस्माद्धर्म्या पृथक्क्रिया
evaṃ saha vaseyurvā pṛthagvā dharmakāmyayā |pṛthagvivardhate dharmastasmāddharmyā pṛthakkriyā
Thus Kull. ; Nand. agrees with respect to the first half- verse, but explains the second as follows, 'The father is the principal in the procreation of children; hence one must give a share to the (son begotten on the wife of the eldest) according to
- 9.112
ज्येष्ठस्य विंश उद्धारः सर्वद्रव्याच्च यद्वरम् ।ततोऽर्धं मध्यमस्य स्यात्तुरीयं तु यवीयसः
jyeṣṭhasya viṃśa uddhāraḥ sarvadravyācca yadvaram |tato'rdhaṃ madhyamasya syātturīyaṃ tu yavīyasaḥ
The additional share (deducted) for the eldest shall be one-twentieth (of the estate) and the best of all chattels, for the middlemost half of that, but for the youngest one-fourth.
- 9.113
ज्येष्ठश्चैव कनिष्ठश्च संहरेतां यथोदितम् ।येऽन्ये ज्येष्ठकनिष्ठाभ्यां तेषां स्यान्मध्यमं धनम्
jyeṣṭhaścaiva kaniṣṭhaśca saṃharetāṃ yathoditam |ye'nye jyeṣṭhakaniṣṭhābhyāṃ teṣāṃ syānmadhyamaṃ dhanam
Both the eldest and the youngest shall take (their shares) according to (the rule just) stated ; (each of) those who are between the eldest and the youngest, shall have the share (prescribed for the)
- 9.114
सर्वेषां धनजातानां आददीताग्र्यं अग्रजः ।यच्च सातिशयं किं चिद्दशतश्चाप्नुयाद्वरम्
sarveṣāṃ dhanajātānāṃ ādadītāgryaṃ agrajaḥ |yacca sātiśayaṃ kiṃ ciddaśataścāpnuyādvaram
Among the goods of every kind the eldest shall take the best (article), and (even a single chattel) which is particularly good, as well as the best of ten (animals).
- 9.115
उद्धारो न दशस्वस्ति संपन्नानां स्वकर्मसु ।यत्किं चिदेव देयं तु ज्यायसे मानवर्धनम्
uddhāro na daśasvasti saṃpannānāṃ svakarmasu |yatkiṃ cideva deyaṃ tu jyāyase mānavardhanam
But among (brothers) equally skilled in their occupations, there is no additional share, (consisting of the best animal) among ten ; some trifle only shall be given to the eldest as a token of respect.
- 9.116
एवं समुद्धृतोद्धारे समानंशान्प्रकल्पयेत् ।उद्धारेऽनुद्धृते त्वेषां इयं स्यादंशकल्पना
evaṃ samuddhṛtoddhāre samānaṃśānprakalpayet |uddhāre'nuddhṛte tveṣāṃ iyaṃ syādaṃśakalpanā
If additional shares are thus deducted, one must allot equal shares (out of the residue to each) ; but if no deduction is made, the allotment of the shares among them shall be (made) in the following
- 9.117
एकाधिकं हरेज्ज्येष्ठः पुत्रोऽध्यर्धं ततोऽनुजः ।अंशं अंशं यवीयांस इति धर्मो व्यवस्थितः
ekādhikaṃ harejjyeṣṭhaḥ putro'dhyardhaṃ tato'nujaḥ |aṃśaṃ aṃśaṃ yavīyāṃsa iti dharmo vyavasthitaḥ
Let the eldest son take one share in excess, the (brother) born next after him one (share) and a half, the younger ones one share each ; thus the law is settled.
- 9.118
स्वेभ्योऽंशेभ्यस्तु कन्याभ्यः प्रदद्युर्भ्रातरः पृथक् ।स्वात्स्वादंशाच्चतुर्भागं पतिताः स्युरदित्सवः
svebhyo'ṃśebhyastu kanyābhyaḥ pradadyurbhrātaraḥ pṛthak |svātsvādaṃśāccaturbhāgaṃ patitāḥ syuraditsavaḥ
But to the maiden (sisters) the brothers shall severally give (portions) out of their shares, each out of his share one-fourth part ; those who refuse to give (it), will become outcasts.
- 9.119
अजाविकं सैकशफं न जातु विषमं भजेत् ।अजाविकं तु विषमं ज्येष्ठस्यैव विधीयते
ajāvikaṃ saikaśaphaṃ na jātu viṣamaṃ bhajet |ajāvikaṃ tu viṣamaṃ jyeṣṭhasyaiva vidhīyate
Let him never divide (the value of) a single goat or sheep, or a (single beast) with un- cloven hoofs ; it is prescribed (that) a single goat or sheep (remaining after an equal division, belongs) to
- 9.120
यवीयाञ् ज्येष्ठभार्यायां पुत्रं उत्पादयेद्यदि ।समस्तत्र विभागः स्यादिति धर्मो व्यवस्थितः
yavīyāñ jyeṣṭhabhāryāyāṃ putraṃ utpādayedyadi |samastatra vibhāgaḥ syāditi dharmo vyavasthitaḥ
If a younger brother begets a son on the wife of the elder, the division must then be made equally ; thus the law is settled. mentators the meaning is that, if a man leaves children by wives of
- 9.121
उपसर्जनं प्रधानस्य धर्मतो नोपपद्यते ।पिता प्रधानं प्रजने तस्माद्धर्मेण तं भजेत्
upasarjanaṃ pradhānasya dharmato nopapadyate |pitā pradhānaṃ prajane tasmāddharmeṇa taṃ bhajet
The representative (the son begotten on the wife) is not invested with the right of the principal (the eldest brother to an additional share) ; the principal (became) a father on the procreation (of
- 9.122
पुत्रः कनिष्ठो ज्येष्ठायां कनिष्ठायां च पूर्वजः ।कथं तत्र विभागः स्यादिति चेत्संशयो भवेत्
putraḥ kaniṣṭho jyeṣṭhāyāṃ kaniṣṭhāyāṃ ca pūrvajaḥ |kathaṃ tatra vibhāgaḥ syāditi cetsaṃśayo bhavet
If there be a doubt, how the division shall be made, in case the younger son is born of the elder wife and the elder son of the younger wife,
- 9.123
एकं वृषभं उद्धारं संहरेत स पूर्वजः ।ततोऽपरे ज्येष्ठवृषास्तदूनानां स्वमातृतः
ekaṃ vṛṣabhaṃ uddhāraṃ saṃhareta sa pūrvajaḥ |tato'pare jyeṣṭhavṛṣāstadūnānāṃ svamātṛtaḥ
(Then the son) born of the first wife shall above, verse 104, brothers (i.e. sons of the deceased) only are named, grandsons inherit, also according to Manu, just like sons and with sons; see also below, verse 186.
- 9.124
ज्येष्ठस्तु जातो ज्येष्ठायां हरेद्वृषभषोडशाः ।ततः स्वमातृतः शेषा भजेरन्निति धारणा
jyeṣṭhastu jāto jyeṣṭhāyāṃ haredvṛṣabhaṣoḍaśāḥ |tataḥ svamātṛtaḥ śeṣā bhajeranniti dhāraṇā
But the eldest (son, being) born of the eldest wife, shall receive fifteen cows and a bull, the other sons may then take shares according to (the seniority of) their mothers ; that is a settled rule.
- 9.125
सदृशस्त्रीषु जातानां पुत्राणां अविशेषतः ।न मातृतो ज्यैष्ठ्यं अस्ति जन्मतो ज्यैष्ठ्यं उच्यते
sadṛśastrīṣu jātānāṃ putrāṇāṃ aviśeṣataḥ |na mātṛto jyaiṣṭhyaṃ asti janmato jyaiṣṭhyaṃ ucyate
Between sons born of wives equal (in caste) (and) without (any other) distinction no seniority in right of the mother exists ; seniority is declared (to be) according to birth.
- 9.126
जन्मज्येष्ठेन चाह्वानं सुब्रह्मण्यास्वपि स्मृतम् ।यमयोश्चैव गर्भेषु जन्मतो ज्येष्ठता स्मृता
janmajyeṣṭhena cāhvānaṃ subrahmaṇyāsvapi smṛtam |yamayoścaiva garbheṣu janmato jyeṣṭhatā smṛtā
And with respect to the Subrahma^ya. (texts) also it is recorded that the invocation (of Indra shall be made) by the first-born, of twins likewise, (con- ceived at one time) in the wombs (of their mothers)
- 9.127
अपुत्रोऽनेन विधिना सुतां कुर्वीत पुत्रिकाम् ।यदपत्यं भवेदस्यां तन्मम स्यात्स्वधाकरम्
aputro'nena vidhinā sutāṃ kurvīta putrikām |yadapatyaṃ bhavedasyāṃ tanmama syātsvadhākaram
He who has no son may make his daughter in the following manner an appointed daughter (putrika, saying to her husband), 'The (male) child, born of her, shall perform my funeral rites.'
- 9.128
अनेन तु विधानेन पुरा चक्रेऽथ पुत्रिकाः ।विवृद्ध्यर्थं स्ववंशस्य स्वयं दक्षः प्रजापतिः
anena tu vidhānena purā cakre'tha putrikāḥ |vivṛddhyarthaṃ svavaṃśasya svayaṃ dakṣaḥ prajāpatiḥ
According to this rule Daksha, himself, lord of created beings, formerly made (all his female offspring) appointed daughters in order to multiply his race.
- 9.129
ददौ स दश धर्माय कश्यपाय त्रयोदश ।सोमाय राज्ञे सत्कृत्य प्रीतात्मा सप्तविंशतिम्
dadau sa daśa dharmāya kaśyapāya trayodaśa |somāya rājñe satkṛtya prītātmā saptaviṃśatim
He gave ten to Dharma, thirteen to Kas- yapa, twenty-seven to King Soma, honouring (them) with an affectionate heart.
- 9.130
यथैवात्मा तथा पुत्रः पुत्रेण दुहिता समा ।तस्यां आत्मनि तिष्ठन्त्यां कथं अन्यो धनं हरेत्
yathaivātmā tathā putraḥ putreṇa duhitā samā |tasyāṃ ātmani tiṣṭhantyāṃ kathaṃ anyo dhanaṃ haret
A son is even (as) oneself, (such) a daughter is equal to a son ; how can another (heir) take the estate, while such (an appointed daughter who is even) oneself, lives ?
- 9.131
मातुस्तु यौतकं यत्स्यात्कुमारीभाग एव सः ।दौहित्र एव च हरेदपुत्रस्याखिलं धनम्
mātustu yautakaṃ yatsyātkumārībhāga eva saḥ |dauhitra eva ca haredaputrasyākhilaṃ dhanam
But whatever may be the separate property of the mother, that is the share of the unmarried daughter alone ; and the son of an (appointed) daughter shall take the whole estate of (his ma-
- 9.132
दौहित्रो ह्यखिलं रिक्थं अपुत्रस्य पितुर्हरेत् ।स एव दद्याद्द्वौ पिण्डौ पित्रे मातामहाय च
dauhitro hyakhilaṃ rikthaṃ aputrasya piturharet |sa eva dadyāddvau piṇḍau pitre mātāmahāya ca
The son of an (appointed) daughter, indeed, shall (also) take the estate of his (own) father, who leaves no (other) son; he shall (then) present two funeral cakes to his own father and to his maternal
- 9.133
पौत्रदौहित्रयोर्लोके न विशेषोऽस्ति धर्मतः ।तयोर्हि मातापितरौ संभूतौ तस्य देहतः
pautradauhitrayorloke na viśeṣo'sti dharmataḥ |tayorhi mātāpitarau saṃbhūtau tasya dehataḥ
Between a son's son and the son of an (appointed) daughter there is no difference, neither with respect to worldly matters nor to sacred duties ; for their father and mother both sprang from the
- 9.134
पुत्रिकायां कृतायां तु यदि पुत्रोऽनुजायते ।समस्तत्र विभागः स्याज्ज्येष्ठता नास्ति हि स्त्रियाः
putrikāyāṃ kṛtāyāṃ tu yadi putro'nujāyate |samastatra vibhāgaḥ syājjyeṣṭhatā nāsti hi striyāḥ
But if, after a daughter has been appointed, a son be born (to her father), the division (of the inheritance) must in that (case) be equal ; for there is no right of primogeniture for a woman.
- 9.135
अपुत्रायां मृतायां तु पुत्रिकायां कथं चन ।धनं तत्पुत्रिकाभर्ता हरेतैवाविचारयन्
aputrāyāṃ mṛtāyāṃ tu putrikāyāṃ kathaṃ cana |dhanaṃ tatputrikābhartā haretaivāvicārayan
'That estate,' i.e. 'what the appointed daughter received from her father either during his lifetime or after his death' (Nar.). Kull. adds that the verse is intended to forbid the father's inheriting his pre-deceased daughter's property, on the plea that she was like a
- 9.136
अकृता वा कृता वापि यं विन्देत्सदृशात्सुतम् ।पौत्री मातामहस्तेन दद्यात्पिण्डं हरेद्धनम्
akṛtā vā kṛtā vāpi yaṃ vindetsadṛśātsutam |pautrī mātāmahastena dadyātpiṇḍaṃ hareddhanam
Through that son whom (a daughter), either not appointed or appointed, may bear to (a hus- band) of equal (caste), his maternal grandfather (has) a son's son ; he shall present the funeral cake and
- 9.137
पुत्रेण लोकाञ् जयति पौत्रेणानन्त्यं अश्नुते ।अथ पुत्रस्य पौत्रेण ब्रध्नस्याप्नोति विष्टपम्
putreṇa lokāñ jayati pautreṇānantyaṃ aśnute |atha putrasya pautreṇa bradhnasyāpnoti viṣṭapam
Through a son he conquers the worlds, through a son's son he obtains immortality, but through his son's grandson he gains the world of the sun.
- 9.138
पुंनाम्नो नरकाद्यस्मात्त्रायते पितरं सुतः ।तस्मात्पुत्र इति प्रोक्तः स्वयं एव स्वयंभुवा
puṃnāmno narakādyasmāttrāyate pitaraṃ sutaḥ |tasmātputra iti proktaḥ svayaṃ eva svayaṃbhuvā
Because a son delivers (trayate) his father from the hell called Put, he was therefore called put-tra (a deliverer from Put) by the Self-existent (Svayambhu) himself.
- 9.139
पौत्रदौहित्रयोर्लोके विशेषो नोपपद्यते ।दौहित्रोऽपि ह्यमुत्रैनं संतारयति पौत्रवत्
pautradauhitrayorloke viśeṣo nopapadyate |dauhitro'pi hyamutrainaṃ saṃtārayati pautravat
Between a son's son and the son of a daughter there exists in this world no difference ; for even the son of a daughter saves him (who has no sons) in the next world, like the son's son.
- 9.140
मातुः प्रथमतः पिण्डं निर्वपेत्पुत्रिकासुतः ।द्वितीयं तु पितुस्तस्यास्तृतीयं तत्पितुः पितुः
mātuḥ prathamataḥ piṇḍaṃ nirvapetputrikāsutaḥ |dvitīyaṃ tu pitustasyāstṛtīyaṃ tatpituḥ pituḥ
Let the son of an appointed daughter first present a funeral cake to his mother, the second to her father, the third to his father's father.
- 9.141
उपपन्नो गुणैः सर्वैः पुत्रो यस्य तु दत्त्रिमः ।स हरेतैव तद्रिक्थं संप्राप्तोऽप्यन्यगोत्रतः
upapanno guṇaiḥ sarvaiḥ putro yasya tu dattrimaḥ |sa haretaiva tadrikthaṃ saṃprāpto'pyanyagotrataḥ
Of the man who has an adopted (Datrima) son possessing all good qualities, that same (son) shall take the inheritance, though brought from another family.
- 9.142
गोत्ररिक्थे जनयितुर्न हरेद्दत्त्रिमः क्व चित् ।गोत्ररिक्थानुगः पिण्डो व्यपैति ददतः स्वधा
gotrarikthe janayiturna hareddattrimaḥ kva cit |gotrarikthānugaḥ piṇḍo vyapaiti dadataḥ svadhā
An adopted son shall never take the family (name) and the estate of his natural father ; the funeral cake follows the family (name) and the estate, the funeral offerings of him who gives (his
- 9.143
अनियुक्तासुतश्चैव पुत्रिण्याप्तश्च देवरात् ।उभौ तौ नार्हतो भागं जारजातककामजौ
aniyuktāsutaścaiva putriṇyāptaśca devarāt |ubhau tau nārhato bhāgaṃ jārajātakakāmajau
The son of a wife, not appointed (to have issue by another), and he whom (an appointed female, already) the mother of a son, bears to her brother-in-law, are both unworthy of a share, (one
- 9.144
नियुक्तायां अपि पुमान्नार्यां जातोऽविधानतः ।नैवार्हः पैतृकं रिक्थं पतितोत्पादितो हि सः
niyuktāyāṃ api pumānnāryāṃ jāto'vidhānataḥ |naivārhaḥ paitṛkaṃ rikthaṃ patitotpādito hi saḥ
Even the male (child) of a female (duly) appointed, not begotten according to the rule (given above), is unworthy of the paternal estate ; for he was procreated by an outcast.
- 9.145
हरेत्तत्र नियुक्तायां जातः पुत्रो यथाउरसः ।क्षेत्रिकस्य तु तद्बीजं धर्मतः प्रसवश्च सः
harettatra niyuktāyāṃ jātaḥ putro yathāurasaḥ |kṣetrikasya tu tadbījaṃ dharmataḥ prasavaśca saḥ
A son (legally) begotten on such an ap- pointed female shall inherit like a legitimate son of the body ; for that seed and the produce belong, according to the law, to the owner of the soil.
- 9.146
धनं यो बिभृयाद्भ्रातुर्मृतस्य स्त्रियं एव च ।सोऽपत्यं भ्रातुरुत्पाद्य दद्यात्तस्यैव तद्धनम्
dhanaṃ yo bibhṛyādbhrāturmṛtasya striyaṃ eva ca |so'patyaṃ bhrāturutpādya dadyāttasyaiva taddhanam
He who takes care of his deceased brother's estate and of his widow, shall, after raising up a son for his brother, give that property even to that (son).
- 9.147
या नियुक्तान्यतः पुत्रं देवराद्वाप्यवाप्नुयात् ।तं कामजं अरिक्थीयं वृथोत्पन्नं प्रचक्षते
yā niyuktānyataḥ putraṃ devarādvāpyavāpnuyāt |taṃ kāmajaṃ arikthīyaṃ vṛthotpannaṃ pracakṣate
If a woman (duly) appointed bears a son to her brother-in-law or to another (Sapi^a), that (son, if he is) begotten through desire, they declare (to be) incapable of inheriting and to be produced
- 9.148
एतद्विधानं विज्ञेयं विभागस्यैकयोनिषु ।बह्वीषु चैकजातानां नानास्त्रीषु निबोधत
etadvidhānaṃ vijñeyaṃ vibhāgasyaikayoniṣu |bahvīṣu caikajātānāṃ nānāstrīṣu nibodhata
The rules (given above) must be understood (to apply) to a distribution among sons of women of the same (caste) ; hear (now the law) concerning
- 9.149
ब्राह्मणस्यानुपूर्व्येण चतस्रस्तु यदि स्त्रियः ।तासां पुत्रेषु जातेषु विभागेऽयं विधिः स्मृतः
brāhmaṇasyānupūrvyeṇa catasrastu yadi striyaḥ |tāsāṃ putreṣu jāteṣu vibhāge'yaṃ vidhiḥ smṛtaḥ
If there be four wives of a Brahma^a in the direct order of the castes, the rule for the division (of the estate) among the sons born of them is as follows :
- 9.150
कीनाशो गोवृषो यानं अलङ्कारश्च वेश्म च ।विप्रस्याउद्धारिकं देयं एकांशश्च प्रधानतः
kīnāśo govṛṣo yānaṃ alaṅkāraśca veśma ca |viprasyāuddhārikaṃ deyaṃ ekāṃśaśca pradhānataḥ
'The ornaments/ i. e. ' the ring which the father used to wear, and the like' (Medh., Kull.). ' The house,' i. e. 'the principal mansion' (Medh., Kull., Ragh.). 'Ek&msa.s fa pradhanata^, ' one most excellent share' (Medh., Kull.), means according to Nar., with
- 9.151
त्र्यंशं दायाद्धरेद्विप्रो द्वावंशौ क्षत्रियासुतः ।वैश्याजः सार्धं एवांशं अंशं शूद्रासुतो हरेत्
tryaṃśaṃ dāyāddharedvipro dvāvaṃśau kṣatriyāsutaḥ |vaiśyājaḥ sārdhaṃ evāṃśaṃ aṃśaṃ śūdrāsuto haret
Let the son of the Brahma^i (wife) take three shares of the (remainder of the) estate, the son of the Kshatriya two, the son of the Vai^ya a share and a half, and the son of the \5udra may take one
- 9.152
सर्वं वा रिक्थजातं तद्दशधा परिकल्प्य च ।धर्म्यं विभागं कुर्वीत विधिनानेन धर्मवित्
sarvaṃ vā rikthajātaṃ taddaśadhā parikalpya ca |dharmyaṃ vibhāgaṃ kurvīta vidhinānena dharmavit
Or let him who knows the law make, ten shares of the whole estate, and justly distribute them according to the following rule : 149-156. Gaut XXVIII, 35-39 ; Vas. XVII, 48-50 ; Baudh. II,
- 9.153
चतुरोऽंशान्हरेद्विप्रस्त्रीनंशान्क्षत्रियासुतः ।वैश्यापुत्रो हरेद्द्व्यंशं अंशं शूद्रासुतो हरेत्
caturo'ṃśānharedviprastrīnaṃśānkṣatriyāsutaḥ |vaiśyāputro hareddvyaṃśaṃ aṃśaṃ śūdrāsuto haret
The Brahma/za (son) shall take four shares, the son of the Kshatriya (wife) three, the son of the VaLsya. shall have two parts, the son of the .SMra may take one share.
- 9.154
यद्यपि स्यात्तु सत्पुत्रोऽप्यसत्पुत्रोऽपि वा भवेत् ।नाधिकं दशमाद्दद्याच्छूद्रापुत्राय धर्मतः
yadyapi syāttu satputro'pyasatputro'pi vā bhavet |nādhikaṃ daśamāddadyācchūdrāputrāya dharmataḥ
Whether (a Brahma/za) have sons or have no sons (by wives of the twice-born castes), the (heir) must, according to the law, give to the son of a .5udra (wife) no more than a tenth (part of his estate).
- 9.155
ब्राह्मणक्षत्रियविशां शूद्रापुत्रो न रिक्थभाक् ।यदेवास्य पिता दद्यात्तदेवास्य धनं भवेत्
brāhmaṇakṣatriyaviśāṃ śūdrāputro na rikthabhāk |yadevāsya pitā dadyāttadevāsya dhanaṃ bhavet
The son of a Brahma^a, a Kshatriya, and a Vaisya by a .Sudra (wife) receives no share of the inheritance ; whatever his father may give to him, that shall be his property.
- 9.156
समवर्णासु वा जाताः सर्वे पुत्रा द्विजन्मनाम् ।उद्धारं ज्यायसे दत्त्वा भजेरन्नितरे समम्
samavarṇāsu vā jātāḥ sarve putrā dvijanmanām |uddhāraṃ jyāyase dattvā bhajerannitare samam
All the sons of twice-born men, born of wives of the same caste, shall equally divide the estate, after the others have given to the eldest an additional share.
- 9.157
शूद्रस्य तु सवर्णैव नान्या भार्या विधीयते ।तस्यां जाताः समांशाः स्युर्यदि पुत्रशतं भवेत्
śūdrasya tu savarṇaiva nānyā bhāryā vidhīyate |tasyāṃ jātāḥ samāṃśāḥ syuryadi putraśataṃ bhavet
For a ^udra is ordained a wife of his own caste only (and) no other ; those born of her shall have equal shares, even if there be a hundred sons.
- 9.158
पुत्रान्द्वादश यानाह नॄणां स्वायंभुवो मनुः ।तेषां षड्बन्धुदायादाः षडदायादबान्धवाः
putrāndvādaśa yānāha nṝṇāṃ svāyaṃbhuvo manuḥ |teṣāṃ ṣaḍbandhudāyādāḥ ṣaḍadāyādabāndhavāḥ
Among the twelve sons of men whom Manu, sprung from the Self-existent (Svayambhu), enu- merates, six are kinsmen and heirs, and six not heirs, (but) kinsmen.
- 9.159
औरसः क्षेत्रजश्चैव दत्तः कृत्रिम एव च ।गूढोत्पन्नोऽपविद्धश्च दायादा बान्धवाश्च षट्
aurasaḥ kṣetrajaścaiva dattaḥ kṛtrima eva ca |gūḍhotpanno'paviddhaśca dāyādā bāndhavāśca ṣaṭ
The legitimate son of the body, the son begotten on a wife, the son adopted, the son made, the son secretly born, and the son cast off, (are) the six heirs and kinsmen.
- 9.160
कानीनश्च सहोढश्च क्रीतः पौनर्भवस्तथा ।स्वयंदत्तश्च शौद्रश्च षडदायादबान्धवाः
kānīnaśca sahoḍhaśca krītaḥ paunarbhavastathā |svayaṃdattaśca śaudraśca ṣaḍadāyādabāndhavāḥ
The son of an unmarried damsel, the son received with the wife, the son bought, the son begotten on a re-married woman, the son self-given, and the son of a 6udra female, (are) the six (who
- 9.161
यादृशं फलं आप्नोति कुप्लवैः संतरञ् जलम् ।तादृशं फलं आप्नोति कुपुत्रैः संतरंस्तमः
yādṛśaṃ phalaṃ āpnoti kuplavaiḥ saṃtarañ jalam |tādṛśaṃ phalaṃ āpnoti kuputraiḥ saṃtaraṃstamaḥ
Whatever result a man obtains who (tries to) cross a (sheet of) water in an unsafe boat, even that result obtains he who (tries to) pass the gloom (of the next world) with (the help of) bad (substitutes
- 9.162
यद्येकरिक्थिनौ स्यातां औरसक्षेत्रजौ सुतौ ।यस्य यत्पैतृकं रिक्थं स तद्गृह्णीत नेतरः
yadyekarikthinau syātāṃ aurasakṣetrajau sutau |yasya yatpaitṛkaṃ rikthaṃ sa tadgṛhṇīta netaraḥ
If the two heirs of one man be a legitimate 158-159. Gaut. XXVIII, 31-33; Vas. XVII, 25, 38; Baudh. H, 3> 3*-32-
- 9.163
एक एवाउरसः पुत्रः पित्र्यस्य वसुनः प्रभुः ।शेषाणां आनृशंस्यार्थं प्रदद्यात्तु प्रजीवनम्
eka evāurasaḥ putraḥ pitryasya vasunaḥ prabhuḥ |śeṣāṇāṃ ānṛśaṃsyārthaṃ pradadyāttu prajīvanam
The legitimate son of the body alone (shall be) the owner of the paternal estate ; but, in order to avoid harshness, let him allow a maintenance to the rest.
- 9.164
षष्ठं तु क्षेत्रजस्यांशं प्रदद्यात्पैतृकाद्धनात् ।औरसो विभजन्दायं पित्र्यं पञ्चमं एव वा
ṣaṣṭhaṃ tu kṣetrajasyāṃśaṃ pradadyātpaitṛkāddhanāt |auraso vibhajandāyaṃ pitryaṃ pañcamaṃ eva vā
But when the legitimate son of the body divides the paternal estate, he shall give one-sixth or one-fifth part of his fathers property to the son begotten on the wife.
- 9.165
औरसक्षेत्रजौ पुत्रौ पितृरिक्थस्य भागिनौ ।दशापरे तु क्रमशो गोत्ररिक्थांशभागिनः
aurasakṣetrajau putrau pitṛrikthasya bhāginau |daśāpare tu kramaśo gotrarikthāṃśabhāginaḥ
The legitimate son and the son of the wife (thus) share the father's estate ; but the other ten become members of the family, and inherit according to their order (each later named on failure of those
- 9.166
स्वक्षेत्रे संस्कृतायां तु स्वयं उत्पादयेद्धि यम् ।तं औरसं विजानीयात्पुत्रं प्राथमकल्पिकम्
svakṣetre saṃskṛtāyāṃ tu svayaṃ utpādayeddhi yam |taṃ aurasaṃ vijānīyātputraṃ prāthamakalpikam
Him whom a man begets on his own wedded wife, let him know to be a legitimate son of the body (Aurasa), the first in rank.
- 9.167
यस्तल्पजः प्रमीतस्य क्लीबस्य व्याधितस्य वा ।स्वधर्मेण नियुक्तायां स पुत्रः क्षेत्रजः स्मृतः
yastalpajaḥ pramītasya klībasya vyādhitasya vā |svadharmeṇa niyuktāyāṃ sa putraḥ kṣetrajaḥ smṛtaḥ
He who was begotten according to the pecu- liar law (of the Niyoga) on the appointed wife of a dead man, of a eunuch, or of one diseased, is called a son begotten on a wife (Kshetra^a).
- 9.168
माता पिता वा दद्यातां यं अद्भिः पुत्रं आपदि ।सदृशं प्रीतिसंयुक्तं स ज्ञेयो दत्त्रिमः सुतः
mātā pitā vā dadyātāṃ yaṃ adbhiḥ putraṃ āpadi |sadṛśaṃ prītisaṃyuktaṃ sa jñeyo dattrimaḥ sutaḥ
That (boy) equal (by caste) whom his mother or his father affectionately give, (confirming the gift) to Nar. it refers, however, to the case where a man died, leaving several widows, and one was appointed to bear a son by her brother-
- 9.169
सदृशं तु प्रकुर्याद्यं गुणदोषविचक्षणम् ।पुत्रं पुत्रगुणैर्युक्तं स विज्ञेयश्च कृत्रिमः
sadṛśaṃ tu prakuryādyaṃ guṇadoṣavicakṣaṇam |putraṃ putraguṇairyuktaṃ sa vijñeyaśca kṛtrimaḥ
But he is considered a son made (KWtrima) whom (a man) makes his son, (he being) equal (by caste), acquainted with (the distinctions between) right and wrong, (and) endowed with filial virtues.
- 9.170
उत्पद्यते गृहे यस्तु न च ज्ञायेत कस्य सः ।स गृहे गूढ उत्पन्नस्तस्य स्याद्यस्य तल्पजः
utpadyate gṛhe yastu na ca jñāyeta kasya saḥ |sa gṛhe gūḍha utpannastasya syādyasya talpajaḥ
Vas. XVII, 24; Baudh. II, 3, 22; Vi. XV, 13-14; Yagn. II, 129. According to the commentators the condition is that there is no suspicion that the wife had intercourse with a man of lower caste. Nar. says that the case contemplated is, that a wife
- 9.171
मातापितृभ्यां उत्सृष्टं तयोरन्यतरेण वा ।यं पुत्रं परिगृह्णीयादपविद्धः स उच्यते
mātāpitṛbhyāṃ utsṛṣṭaṃ tayoranyatareṇa vā |yaṃ putraṃ parigṛhṇīyādapaviddhaḥ sa ucyate
He whom (a man) receives as his son, (after he has been) deserted by his parents or by either of them, is called a son cast off (Apaviddha). II, 130. Sadmam, ' equal (by caste),' (Kull., Nar., Ragh., Nand.),
- 9.172
पितृवेश्मनि कन्या तु यं पुत्रं जनयेद्रहः ।तं कानीनं वदेन्नाम्ना वोढुः कन्यासमुद्भवम्
pitṛveśmani kanyā tu yaṃ putraṃ janayedrahaḥ |taṃ kānīnaṃ vadennāmnā voḍhuḥ kanyāsamudbhavam
Vas. XVII, 22-23 5 Baudh.II, 3, 24 ; Vi. XV, 10-n ; Yagn. II, 129. 'Provided the lover was of equal or higher caste ' (Nar.).
- 9.173
या गर्भिणी संस्क्रियते ज्ञाताज्ञातापि वा सती ।वोढुः स गर्भो भवति सहोढ इति चोच्यते
yā garbhiṇī saṃskriyate jñātājñātāpi vā satī |voḍhuḥ sa garbho bhavati sahoḍha iti cocyate
If one marries, either knowingly or un- knowingly, a pregnant (bride), the child in her womb belongs to him who weds her, and is called (a son) received with the bride (Sahod7/a).
- 9.174
क्रीणीयाद्यस्त्वपत्यार्थं मातापित्रोर्यं अन्तिकात् ।स क्रीतकः सुतस्तस्य सदृशोऽसदृशोऽपि वा
krīṇīyādyastvapatyārthaṃ mātāpitroryaṃ antikāt |sa krītakaḥ sutastasya sadṛśo'sadṛśo'pi vā
If a man buys a (boy), whether equal or unequal (in good qualities), from his father and mother for the sake of having a son, that (child) is called a (son) bought (Krttaka).
- 9.175
या पत्या वा परित्यक्ता विधवा वा स्वयेच्छया ।उत्पादयेत्पुनर्भूत्वा स पौनर्भव उच्यते
yā patyā vā parityaktā vidhavā vā svayecchayā |utpādayetpunarbhūtvā sa paunarbhava ucyate
If a woman abandoned by her husband, or a widow, of her own accord contracts a second mar- riage and bears (a son), he is called the son of a re-married woman (Paunarbhava).
- 9.176
सा चेदक्षतयोनिः स्याद्गतप्रत्यागतापि वा ।पौनर्भवेन भर्त्रा सा पुनः संस्कारं अर्हति
sā cedakṣatayoniḥ syādgatapratyāgatāpi vā |paunarbhavena bhartrā sā punaḥ saṃskāraṃ arhati
If she be (still) a virgin, or one who returned (to her first husband) after leaving him, she is worthy to again perform with her second (or first deserted) husband the (nuptial) ceremony.
- 9.177
मातापितृविहीनो यस्त्यक्तो वा स्यादकारणात् ।आत्मानं अर्पयेद्यस्मै स्वयंदत्तस्तु स स्मृतः
mātāpitṛvihīno yastyakto vā syādakāraṇāt |ātmānaṃ arpayedyasmai svayaṃdattastu sa smṛtaḥ
He who, having lost his parents or being abandoned (by them) without (just) cause, gives himself to a (man), is called a son self-given (Sva- yawdatta).
- 9.178
यं ब्राह्मणस्तु शूद्रायां कामादुत्पादयेत्सुतम् ।स पारयन्नेव शवस्तस्मात्पारशवः स्मृतः
yaṃ brāhmaṇastu śūdrāyāṃ kāmādutpādayetsutam |sa pārayanneva śavastasmātpāraśavaḥ smṛtaḥ
The son whom a Brahma/za begets through lust j\ on a 6"udra female is, (though) alive (parayan), a corpse (5a va), and hence called a Parasava (a living corpse).
- 9.179
दास्यां वा दासदास्यां वा यः शूद्रस्य सुतो भवेत् ।सोऽनुज्ञातो हरेदंशं इति धर्मो व्यवस्थितः
dāsyāṃ vā dāsadāsyāṃ vā yaḥ śūdrasya suto bhavet |so'nujñāto haredaṃśaṃ iti dharmo vyavasthitaḥ
A son who is (begotten) by a .Sudra on a female slave, or on the female slave of his slave, may, if permitted (by his father), take a share (of the inheritance) ; thus the law is settled.
- 9.180
क्षेत्रजादीन्सुतानेतानेकादश यथोदितान् ।पुत्रप्रतिनिधीनाहुः क्रियालोपान्मनीषिणः
kṣetrajādīnsutānetānekādaśa yathoditān |putrapratinidhīnāhuḥ kriyālopānmanīṣiṇaḥ
These eleven, the son begotten on the wife and the rest as enumerated (above), the wise call substitutes for a son, (taken) in order (to prevent) a failure of the (funeral) ceremonies.
- 9.181
य एतेऽभिहिताः पुत्राः प्रसङ्गादन्यबीजजाः ।यस्य ते बीजतो जातास्तस्य ते नेतरस्य तु
ya ete'bhihitāḥ putrāḥ prasaṅgādanyabījajāḥ |yasya te bījato jātāstasya te netarasya tu
Those sons, who have been mentioned in connection with (the legitimate son of the body), virgin, is unworthy of the sacrament' (Nar.). Ragh., relying on Y§gn. II, 130, expresses the contrary view, and thinks that the word
- 9.182
भ्रातॄणां एकजातानां एकश्चेत्पुत्रवान्भवेत् ।सर्वांस्तांस्तेन पुत्रेण पुत्रिणो मनुरब्रवीत्
bhrātṝṇāṃ ekajātānāṃ ekaścetputravānbhavet |sarvāṃstāṃstena putreṇa putriṇo manurabravīt
If among brothers, sprung from one (father), one have a son, Manu has declared them all to have male offspring through that son.
- 9.183
सर्वासां एकपत्नीनां एका चेत्पुत्रिणी भवेत् ।सर्वास्तास्तेन पुत्रेण प्राह पुत्रवतीर्मनुः
sarvāsāṃ ekapatnīnāṃ ekā cetputriṇī bhavet |sarvāstāstena putreṇa prāha putravatīrmanuḥ
If among all the wives of one husband one have a son, Manu declares them all (to be) mothers of male children through that son.
- 9.184
श्रेयसः श्रेयसोऽलाभे पापीयान्रिक्थं अर्हति ।बहवश्चेत्तु सदृशाः सर्वे रिक्थस्य भागिनः
śreyasaḥ śreyaso'lābhe pāpīyānrikthaṃ arhati |bahavaścettu sadṛśāḥ sarve rikthasya bhāginaḥ
On failure of each- better (son), each next inferior (one) is worthy of the inheritance ; but if there be many (of) equal (rank), they shall all share the estate.
- 9.185
न भ्रातरो न पितरः पुत्रा रिक्थहराः पितुः ।पिता हरेदपुत्रस्य रिक्थं भ्रातर एव च
na bhrātaro na pitaraḥ putrā rikthaharāḥ pituḥ |pitā haredaputrasya rikthaṃ bhrātara eva ca
Not brothers, nor fathers, (but) sons take the paternal estate ; but the father shall take the in- heritance of (a son) who leaves no male issue, and his brothers.
- 9.186
त्रयाणां उदकं कार्यं त्रिषु पिण्डः प्रवर्तते ।चतुर्थः संप्रदातैषां पञ्चमो नोपपद्यते
trayāṇāṃ udakaṃ kāryaṃ triṣu piṇḍaḥ pravartate |caturthaḥ saṃpradātaiṣāṃ pañcamo nopapadyate
' To three/ i. e. ' to the father, the grandfather, and the great- grandfather' (Kull., Nar., Ragh., Nand.). To these same three the cakes are offered (Kull., Ragh.). Kull. and Ragh. state that the object of the verse is to indicate the right of Kshetra^as and other sub-
- 9.187
अनन्तरः सपिण्डाद्यस्तस्य तस्य धनं भवेत् ।अत ऊर्ध्वं सकुल्यः स्यादाचार्यः शिष्य एव वा
anantaraḥ sapiṇḍādyastasya tasya dhanaṃ bhavet |ata ūrdhvaṃ sakulyaḥ syādācāryaḥ śiṣya eva vā
Always to that (relative within three de- grees) who is nearest to the (deceased) Sapi/zda the son, leaving no male issue, or the brothers with his permission, and that the estate of a divided son descends to his wife, and other
- 9.188
सर्वेषां अप्यभावे तु ब्राह्मणा रिक्थभागिनः ।त्रैविद्याः शुचयो दान्तास्तथा धर्मो न हीयते
sarveṣāṃ apyabhāve tu brāhmaṇā rikthabhāginaḥ |traividyāḥ śucayo dāntāstathā dharmo na hīyate
Gaut. XXVIII, 41 ; Vas. XVII, 84-86 ; Baudh. I, 13, 14; Vi. XVII, 13-14. The phrase 'on failure of all (heirs),' i.e. 'of those mentioned' (Ragh.), or ' of all males and females, related in any way (to the deceased),' (Nand.), indicates according to Kull. that other
- 9.189
अहार्यं ब्राह्मणद्रव्यं राज्ञा नित्यं इति स्थितिः ।इतरेषां तु वर्णानां सर्वाभावे हरेन्नृपः
ahāryaṃ brāhmaṇadravyaṃ rājñā nityaṃ iti sthitiḥ |itareṣāṃ tu varṇānāṃ sarvābhāve harennṛpaḥ
The property of a Brahma/za must never be taken by the king, that is a settled rule ; but (the property of men) of other castes the king may take on failure of all (heirs).
- 9.190
संस्थितस्यानपत्यस्य सगोत्रात्पुत्रं आहरेत् ।तत्र यद्रिक्थजातं स्यात्तत्तस्मिन्प्रतिपादयेत्
saṃsthitasyānapatyasya sagotrātputraṃ āharet |tatra yadrikthajātaṃ syāttattasminpratipādayet
(If the widow) of (a man) who died without leaving issue, raises up to him a son by a member of the family (Sagotra), she shall deliver to that (son) the whole property which belonged to the
- 9.191
द्वौ तु यौ विवदेयातां द्वाभ्यां जातौ स्त्रिया धने ।तयोर्यद्यस्य पित्र्यं स्यात्तत्स गृह्णीत नेतरः
dvau tu yau vivadeyātāṃ dvābhyāṃ jātau striyā dhane |tayoryadyasya pitryaṃ syāttatsa gṛhṇīta netaraḥ
But if two (sons), begotten by two (different men), contend for the property (in the hands) of their mother, each shall take, to the exclusion of the other, what belonged to his father.
- 9.192
जनन्यां संस्थितायां तु समं सर्वे सहोदराः ।भजेरन्मातृकं रिक्थं भगिन्यश्च सनाभयः
jananyāṃ saṃsthitāyāṃ tu samaṃ sarve sahodarāḥ |bhajeranmātṛkaṃ rikthaṃ bhaginyaśca sanābhayaḥ
But when the mother has died, all the uterine brothers and the uterine sisters shall equally divide the mother's estate.
- 9.193
यास्तासां स्युर्दुहितरस्तासां अपि यथार्हतः ।मातामह्या धनात्किं चित्प्रदेयं प्रीतिपूर्वकम्
yāstāsāṃ syurduhitarastāsāṃ api yathārhataḥ |mātāmahyā dhanātkiṃ citpradeyaṃ prītipūrvakam
Even to the daughters of those (daughters) something should be given, as is seemly, out of the estate of their maternal grandmother, on the score of affection.
- 9.194
अध्यग्न्यध्यावाहनिकं दत्तं च प्रीतिकर्मणि ।भ्रातृमातृपितृप्राप्तं षड्विधं स्त्रीधनं स्मृतम्
adhyagnyadhyāvāhanikaṃ dattaṃ ca prītikarmaṇi |bhrātṛmātṛpitṛprāptaṃ ṣaḍvidhaṃ strīdhanaṃ smṛtam
What (was given) before the (nuptial) fire, what (was given) on the bridal procession, what was the hands of the wife, she is to make over the entire property of her first husband to his son, and the property of the second hus-
- 9.195
अन्वाधेयं च यद्दत्तं पत्या प्रीतेन चैव यत् ।पत्यौ जीवति वृत्तायाः प्रजायास्तद्धनं भवेत्
anvādheyaṃ ca yaddattaṃ patyā prītena caiva yat |patyau jīvati vṛttāyāḥ prajāyāstaddhanaṃ bhavet
(Such property), as well as a gift subsequent and what was given (to her) by her affectionate hus- band, shall go to her offspring, (even) if she dies in the lifetime of her husband.
- 9.196
ब्राह्मदैवार्षगान्धर्व प्राजापत्येषु यद्वसु ।अप्रजायां अतीतायां भर्तुरेव तदिष्यते
brāhmadaivārṣagāndharva prājāpatyeṣu yadvasu |aprajāyāṃ atītāyāṃ bhartureva tadiṣyate
It is ordained that the property (of a woman married) according to the Brahma, the Daiva, the Arsha, the Gandharva, or the Pra^apatya rite (shall belong) to her husband alone, if she dies without issue.
- 9.197
यत्त्वस्याः स्याद्धनं दत्तं विवाहेष्वासुरादिषु ।अप्रजायां अतीतायां मातापित्रोस्तदिष्यते
yattvasyāḥ syāddhanaṃ dattaṃ vivāheṣvāsurādiṣu |aprajāyāṃ atītāyāṃ mātāpitrostadiṣyate
But it is prescribed that the property which may have been given to a (wife) on an Asura mar- riage or (one of the) other (blamable marriages, shall go) to her mother and to her father, if she dies
- 9.198
स्त्रियां तु यद्भवेद्वित्तं पित्रा दत्तं कथं चन ।ब्राह्मणी तद्धरेत्कन्या तदपत्यस्य वा भवेत्
striyāṃ tu yadbhavedvittaṃ pitrā dattaṃ kathaṃ cana |brāhmaṇī taddharetkanyā tadapatyasya vā bhavet
Whatever property may have been given by her father to a wife (who has co-wives of different castes), that the daughter (of the) Brahma^i (wife) shall take, or that (daughter's) issue.
- 9.199
न निर्हारं स्त्रियः कुर्युः कुटुम्बाद्बहुमध्यगात् ।स्वकादपि च वित्ताद्धि स्वस्य भर्तुरनाज्ञया
na nirhāraṃ striyaḥ kuryuḥ kuṭumbādbahumadhyagāt |svakādapi ca vittāddhi svasya bharturanājñayā
Women should never make a hoard from (the property of) their families which is common to many, nor from their own (husbands' particular) property without permission.
- 9.200
पत्यौ जीवति यः स्त्रीभिरलङ्कारो धृतो भवेत् ।न तं भजेरन्दायादा भजमानाः पतन्ति ते
patyau jīvati yaḥ strībhiralaṅkāro dhṛto bhavet |na taṃ bhajerandāyādā bhajamānāḥ patanti te
The ornaments which may have been worn by women during their husbands' lifetime, his heirs shall not divide; those who divide them become outcasts.
- 9.201
अनंशौ क्लीबपतितौ जात्यन्धबधिरौ तथा ।उन्मत्तजडमूकाश्च ये च के चिन्निरिन्द्रियाः
anaṃśau klībapatitau jātyandhabadhirau tathā |unmattajaḍamūkāśca ye ca ke cinnirindriyāḥ
Eunuchs and outcasts, (persons) born blind or deaf, the insane, idiots and the dumb, as well as those deficient in any organ (of action or sensation), receive no share.
- 9.202
सर्वेषां अपि तु न्याय्यं दातुं शक्त्या मनीषिणा ।ग्रासाच्छादनं अत्यन्तं पतितो ह्यददद्भवेत्
sarveṣāṃ api tu nyāyyaṃ dātuṃ śaktyā manīṣiṇā |grāsācchādanaṃ atyantaṃ patito hyadadadbhavet
But it is just that (a man) who knows (the law) should give even to all of them food and rai- $ ment without stint, according to his ability ; he who gives it not will become an outcast.
- 9.203
यद्यर्थिता तु दारैः स्यात्क्लीबादीनां कथं चन ।तेषां उत्पन्नतन्तूनां अपत्यं दायं अर्हति
yadyarthitā tu dāraiḥ syātklībādīnāṃ kathaṃ cana |teṣāṃ utpannatantūnāṃ apatyaṃ dāyaṃ arhati
If the eunuch and the rest should somehow or other desire to (take) wives, the offspring of such among them as have children is worthy of a share.
- 9.204
यत्किं चित्पितरि प्रेते धनं ज्येष्ठोऽधिगच्छति ।भागो यवीयसां तत्र यदि विद्यानुपालिनः
yatkiṃ citpitari prete dhanaṃ jyeṣṭho'dhigacchati |bhāgo yavīyasāṃ tatra yadi vidyānupālinaḥ
Whatever property the eldest (son) acquires (by his own exertion) after the father's death, a share of that (shall belong) to his younger (brothers), provided they have made a due progress in
- 9.205
अविद्यानां तु सर्वेषां ईहातश्चेद्धनं भवेत् ।समस्तत्र विभागः स्यादपित्र्य इति धारणा
avidyānāṃ tu sarveṣāṃ īhātaśceddhanaṃ bhavet |samastatra vibhāgaḥ syādapitrya iti dhāraṇā
But if all of them, being unlearned, acquire property by their labour, the division of that shall be equal, (as it is) not property acquired by the father; that is a settled rule.
- 9.206
विद्याधनं तु यद्यस्य तत्तस्यैव धनं भवेत् ।मैत्र्यं औद्वाहिकं चैव माधुपर्किकं एव च
vidyādhanaṃ tu yadyasya tattasyaiva dhanaṃ bhavet |maitryaṃ audvāhikaṃ caiva mādhuparkikaṃ eva ca
Property (acquired) by learning belongs solely to him to whom (it was given), likewise the gift of a friend, a present received on marriage or with the honey-mixture.
- 9.207
भ्रातॄणां यस्तु नेहेत धनं शक्तः स्वकर्मणा ।स निर्भाज्यः स्वकादंशात्किं चिद्दत्त्वोपजीवनम्
bhrātṝṇāṃ yastu neheta dhanaṃ śaktaḥ svakarmaṇā |sa nirbhājyaḥ svakādaṃśātkiṃ ciddattvopajīvanam
But if one of the brothers, being able (to maintain himself) by his own occupation, does not desire (a share of the family) property, he may be made separate (by the others) receiving a trifle out
- 9.208
अनुपघ्नन्पितृद्रव्यं श्रमेण यदुपार्जितम् ।स्वयं ईहितलब्धं तन्नाकामो दातुं अर्हति
anupaghnanpitṛdravyaṃ śrameṇa yadupārjitam |svayaṃ īhitalabdhaṃ tannākāmo dātuṃ arhati
What one (brother) may acquire by his labour without using the patrimony, that acqui- sition, (made solely) by his own effort, he shall not share unless by his own will (with his brothers).
- 9.209
पैतृकं तु पिता द्रव्यं अनवाप्तं यदाप्नुयात् ।न तत्पुत्रैर्भजेत्सार्धं अकामः स्वयं अर्जितम्
paitṛkaṃ tu pitā dravyaṃ anavāptaṃ yadāpnuyāt |na tatputrairbhajetsārdhaṃ akāmaḥ svayaṃ arjitam
But if a father recovers lost ancestral pro- present received, in token of respect, with the honey-mixture,' e. g. a silver vase (Ragh.), is preferable. Regarding the persons worthy of the honey-mixture, see above, III, 1 19-120. Kull. points out
- 9.210
विभक्ताः सह जीवन्तो विभजेरन्पुनर्यदि ।समस्तत्र विभागः स्याज्ज्यैष्ठ्यं तत्र न विद्यते
vibhaktāḥ saha jīvanto vibhajeranpunaryadi |samastatra vibhāgaḥ syājjyaiṣṭhyaṃ tatra na vidyate
If brothers, (once) divided and living (again) together (as coparceners), make a second partition, the division shall in that case be equal ; in such a case there is no right of primogeniture.
- 9.211
येषां ज्येष्ठः कनिष्ठो वा हीयेतांशप्रदानतः ।म्रियेतान्यतरो वापि तस्य भागो न लुप्यते
yeṣāṃ jyeṣṭhaḥ kaniṣṭho vā hīyetāṃśapradānataḥ |mriyetānyataro vāpi tasya bhāgo na lupyate
'Be deprived of his share/ i. e. 'because he has become an outcast or the like' (Medh.), or 'because he has become an ascetic' (Kull., Nand.), or 'because he has emigrated' (Nand.), or 'because he has become a eunuch after the (first) partition' (Nar.). Na
- 9.212
सोदर्या विभजेरंस्तं समेत्य सहिताः समम् ।भ्रातरो ये च संसृष्टा भागिन्यश्च सनाभयः
sodaryā vibhajeraṃstaṃ sametya sahitāḥ samam |bhrātaro ye ca saṃsṛṣṭā bhāginyaśca sanābhayaḥ
His uterine brothers, having assembled to- gether, shall equally divide it, and those brothers who were reunited (with him) and the uterine sisters. sambandhi and on Ragh.'s pitrzpitamahadisambandhi. The latter
- 9.213
यो ज्येष्ठो विनिकुर्वीत लोभाद्भ्रातॄन्यवीयसः ।सोऽज्येष्ठः स्यादभागश्च नियन्तव्यश्च राजभिः
yo jyeṣṭho vinikurvīta lobhādbhrātṝnyavīyasaḥ |so'jyeṣṭhaḥ syādabhāgaśca niyantavyaśca rājabhiḥ
An eldest brother who through avarice may defraud the younger ones, shall no (longer hold the position of) the eldest, shall not receive an (eldest son's additional) share, and shall be punished by
- 9.214
सर्व एव विकर्मस्था नार्हन्ति भ्रातरो धनम् ।न चादत्त्वा कनिष्ठेभ्यो ज्येष्ठः कुर्वीत यौतकम्
sarva eva vikarmasthā nārhanti bhrātaro dhanam |na cādattvā kaniṣṭhebhyo jyeṣṭhaḥ kurvīta yautakam
All brothers who habitually commit for- bidden acts, are unworthy of (a share of) the pro- perty, and the eldest shall not make (anything his) separate property without giving (an equivalent) to
- 9.215
भ्रातॄणां अविभक्तानां यद्युत्थानं भवेत्सह ।न पुत्रभागं विषमं पिता दद्यात्कथं चन
bhrātṝṇāṃ avibhaktānāṃ yadyutthānaṃ bhavetsaha |na putrabhāgaṃ viṣamaṃ pitā dadyātkathaṃ cana
If undivided brethren, (living with their father,) together make an exertion (for gain), the father shall on no account give to them unequal shares (on a division of the estate).
- 9.216
ऊर्ध्वं विभागाज्जातस्तु पित्र्यं एव हरेद्धनम् ।संसृष्टास्तेन वा ये स्युर्विभजेत स तैः सह
ūrdhvaṃ vibhāgājjātastu pitryaṃ eva hareddhanam |saṃsṛṣṭāstena vā ye syurvibhajeta sa taiḥ saha
But a son, born after partition, shall alone take the property of his father, or if any (of the other sons) be reunited with the (father), he shall share with them.
- 9.217
अनपत्यस्य पुत्रस्य माता दायं अवाप्नुयात् ।मातर्यपि च वृत्तायां पितुर्माता हरेद्धनम्
anapatyasya putrasya mātā dāyaṃ avāpnuyāt |mātaryapi ca vṛttāyāṃ piturmātā hareddhanam
A mother shall obtain the inheritance of a son (who dies) without leaving issue, and, if the mother be dead, the paternal grandmother shall take the estate.
- 9.218
ऋणे धने च सर्वस्मिन्प्रविभक्ते यथाविधि ।पश्चाद्दृश्येत यत्किं चित्तत्सर्वं समतां नयेत्
ṛṇe dhane ca sarvasminpravibhakte yathāvidhi |paścāddṛśyeta yatkiṃ cittatsarvaṃ samatāṃ nayet
And if, after all the debts and assets have been duly distributed according to the rule, any (property) be afterwards discovered, one must divide it equally.
- 9.219
वस्त्रं पत्रं अलङ्कारं कृतान्नं उदकं स्त्रियः ।योगक्षेमं प्रचारं च न विभाज्यं प्रचक्षते
vastraṃ patraṃ alaṅkāraṃ kṛtānnaṃ udakaṃ striyaḥ |yogakṣemaṃ pracāraṃ ca na vibhājyaṃ pracakṣate
A dress, a vehicle, ornaments, cooked food, water, and female (slaves), property destined for pious uses or sacrifices, and a pasture-ground, they declare to be indivisible.
- 9.220
अयं उक्तो विभागो वः पुत्राणां च क्रियाविधिः ।क्रमशः क्षेत्रजादीनां द्यूतधर्मं निबोधत
ayaṃ ukto vibhāgo vaḥ putrāṇāṃ ca kriyāvidhiḥ |kramaśaḥ kṣetrajādīnāṃ dyūtadharmaṃ nibodhata
The division (of the property) and the rules for allotting (shares) to the (several) sons, those be- gotten on a wife and the rest, in (due) order, have been thus declared to you ; hear (now) the laws
- 9.221
द्यूतं समाह्वयं चैव राजा राष्ट्रान्निवारयेत् ।राजान्तकरणावेतौ द्वौ दोषौ पृथिवीक्षिताम्
dyūtaṃ samāhvayaṃ caiva rājā rāṣṭrānnivārayet |rājāntakaraṇāvetau dvau doṣau pṛthivīkṣitām
Gambling and betting let the king exclude from his realm ; those two vices cause the destruc- tion of the kingdoms of princes.
- 9.222
प्रकाशं एतत्तास्कर्यं यद्देवनसमाह्वयौ ।तयोर्नित्यं प्रतीघाते नृपतिर्यत्नवान्भवेत्
prakāśaṃ etattāskaryaṃ yaddevanasamāhvayau |tayornityaṃ pratīghāte nṛpatiryatnavānbhavet
Gambling and betting amount to open theft; the king shall always exert himself in suppressing both (of them).
- 9.223
अप्राणिभिर्यत्क्रियते तल्लोके द्यूतं उच्यते ।प्राणिभिः क्रियते यस्तु स विज्ञेयः समाह्वयः
aprāṇibhiryatkriyate talloke dyūtaṃ ucyate |prāṇibhiḥ kriyate yastu sa vijñeyaḥ samāhvayaḥ
When inanimate (things) are used (for staking money on them), that is called among men gambling (dyuta), when animate beings are used (for the same purpose), one must know that to be
- 9.224
द्यूतं समाह्वयं चैव यः कुर्यात्कारयेत वा ।तान्सर्वान्घातयेद्राजा शूद्रांश्च द्विजलिङ्गिनः
dyūtaṃ samāhvayaṃ caiva yaḥ kuryātkārayeta vā |tānsarvānghātayedrājā śūdrāṃśca dvijaliṅginaḥ
Let the king corporally punish all those (persons) who either gamble and bet or afford (an and Ragh., which latter reads, however, yogakshemapra&iram) ;
- 9.225
कितवान्कुशीलवान्क्रूरान्पाषण्डस्थांश्च मानवान् ।विकर्मस्थान्शौण्डिकांश्च क्षिप्रं निर्वासयेत्पुरात्
kitavānkuśīlavānkrūrānpāṣaṇḍasthāṃśca mānavān |vikarmasthānśauṇḍikāṃśca kṣipraṃ nirvāsayetpurāt
Gamblers, dancers and singers, cruel men, men belonging to an heretical sect, those following forbidden occupations, and sellers of spirituous liquor, let him instantly banish from his town.
- 9.226
एते राष्ट्रे वर्तमाना राज्ञः प्रछन्नतस्कराः ।विकर्मक्रियया नित्यं बाधन्ते भद्रिकाः प्रजाः
ete rāṣṭre vartamānā rājñaḥ prachannataskarāḥ |vikarmakriyayā nityaṃ bādhante bhadrikāḥ prajāḥ
If such (persons who are) secret thieves, dwell in the realm of a king, they constantly harass his good subjects by their forbidden practices.
- 9.227
द्यूतं एतत्पुरा कल्पे दृष्टं वैरकरं महत् ।तस्माद्द्यूतं न सेवेत हास्यार्थं अपि बुद्धिमान्
dyūtaṃ etatpurā kalpe dṛṣṭaṃ vairakaraṃ mahat |tasmāddyūtaṃ na seveta hāsyārthaṃ api buddhimān
In a former Kalpa this (vice of ) gambling has been seen to cause great enmity ; a wise man, therefore, should not practise it even for amusement
- 9.228
प्रच्छन्नं वा प्रकाशं वा तन्निषेवेत यो नरः ।तस्य दण्डविकल्पः स्याद्यथेष्टं नृपतेस्तथा
pracchannaṃ vā prakāśaṃ vā tanniṣeveta yo naraḥ |tasya daṇḍavikalpaḥ syādyatheṣṭaṃ nṛpatestathā
On every man who addicts himself to that (vice) either secretly or openly, the king may inflict punishment according to his discretion. i. e. ■ the sacrificial thread and the like' (Kull., Nar.). ' Shall punish
- 9.229
क्षत्रविट्शूद्रयोनिस्तु दण्डं दातुं अशक्नुवन् ।आनृण्यं कर्मणा गच्छेद्विप्रो दद्याच्छनैः शनैः
kṣatraviṭśūdrayonistu daṇḍaṃ dātuṃ aśaknuvan |ānṛṇyaṃ karmaṇā gacchedvipro dadyācchanaiḥ śanaiḥ
But a Kshatriya, a VaLsya, and a 6udra who are unable to pay a fine, shall discharge the debt by labour ; a Brahma^a shall pay it by instalments.
- 9.230
स्त्रीबालोन्मत्तवृद्धानां दरिद्राणां च रोगिणाम् ।शिफाविदलरज्ज्वाद्यैर्विदध्यान्नृपतिर्दमम्
strībālonmattavṛddhānāṃ daridrāṇāṃ ca rogiṇām |śiphāvidalarajjvādyairvidadhyānnṛpatirdamam
On women, infants, men of disordered mind, the poor and the sick, the king shall inflict punish- ment with a whip, a cane, or a rope and the like.
- 9.231
ये नियुक्तास्तु कार्येषु हन्युः कार्याणि कार्यिणाम् ।धनोष्मणा पच्यमानास्तान्निःस्वान्कारयेन्नृपः
ye niyuktāstu kāryeṣu hanyuḥ kāryāṇi kāryiṇām |dhanoṣmaṇā pacyamānāstānniḥsvānkārayennṛpaḥ
But those appointed (to administer public) affairs, who, baked by the fire of wealth, mar the business of suitors, the king shall deprive of their property.
- 9.232
कूटशासनकर्तॄंश्च प्रकृतीनां च दूषकान् ।स्त्रीबालब्राह्मणघ्नांश्च हन्याद्द्विट्सेविनस्तथा
kūṭaśāsanakartṝṃśca prakṛtīnāṃ ca dūṣakān |strībālabrāhmaṇaghnāṃśca hanyāddviṭsevinastathā
Forgers of royal edicts, those who corrupt his ministers, those who slay women, infants, or Brahma^as, and those who serve his enemies, the king shall put to death.
- 9.233
तीरितं चानुशिष्टं च यत्र क्व चन यद्भवेत् ।कृतं तद्धर्मतो विद्यान्न तद्भूयो निवर्तयेत्
tīritaṃ cānuśiṣṭaṃ ca yatra kva cana yadbhavet |kṛtaṃ taddharmato vidyānna tadbhūyo nivartayet
Whenever any (legal transaction) has been completed or (a punishment) been inflicted according to the law, he shall sanction it and not annul it.
- 9.234
अमात्याः प्राड्विवाको वा यत्कुर्युः कार्यं अन्यथा ।तत्स्वयं नृपतिः कुर्यात्तान्सहस्रं च दण्डयेत्
amātyāḥ prāḍvivāko vā yatkuryuḥ kāryaṃ anyathā |tatsvayaṃ nṛpatiḥ kuryāttānsahasraṃ ca daṇḍayet
Whatever matter his ministers or the judge may settle improperly, that the king himself shall (re-)settle and fine (them) one thousand (pa^as).
- 9.235
ब्रह्महा च सुरापश्च स्तेयी च गुरुतल्पगः ।एते सर्वे पृथग्ज्ञेया महापातकिनो नराः
brahmahā ca surāpaśca steyī ca gurutalpagaḥ |ete sarve pṛthagjñeyā mahāpātakino narāḥ
The slayer of a Brahma/za, (a twice-born I man) who drinks (the spirituous liquor called) Sura, he who steals (the gold of a Brahma^a), and he who violates a Guru's bed, must each and all be con-
- 9.236
चतुर्णां अपि चैतेषां प्रायश्चित्तं अकुर्वताम् ।शारीरं धनसंयुक्तं दण्डं धर्म्यं प्रकल्पयेत्
caturṇāṃ api caiteṣāṃ prāyaścittaṃ akurvatām |śārīraṃ dhanasaṃyuktaṃ daṇḍaṃ dharmyaṃ prakalpayet
On those four even, if they do not perform a penance, let him inflict corporal punishment and * fines in accordance with the law. _. 23J. For violating a Guru's bed, (the mark of ) a SI
- 9.237
गुरुतल्पे भगः कार्यः सुरापाने सुराध्वजः ।स्तेये च श्वपदं कार्यं ब्रह्महण्यशिराः पुमान्
gurutalpe bhagaḥ kāryaḥ surāpāne surādhvajaḥ |steye ca śvapadaṃ kāryaṃ brahmahaṇyaśirāḥ pumān
' The sign of a tavern/ i. e. 'a wine-cup/ It follows from the rule given in verse 240, that the forehead is the place where they shall be branded. t-
- 9.238
असंभोज्या ह्यसंयाज्या असंपाठ्याऽविवाहिनः ।चरेयुः पृथिवीं दीनाः सर्वधर्मबहिष्कृताः
asaṃbhojyā hyasaṃyājyā asaṃpāṭhyā'vivāhinaḥ |careyuḥ pṛthivīṃ dīnāḥ sarvadharmabahiṣkṛtāḥ
Excluded from all fellowship at meals, ex- cluded from all sacrifices, excluded from instruction and from matrimonial alliances, abject and excluded from all religious duties, let them wander over (this)
- 9.239
ज्ञातिसंबन्धिभिस्त्वेते त्यक्तव्याः कृतलक्षणाः ।निर्दया निर्नमस्कारास्तन्मनोरनुशासनम्
jñātisaṃbandhibhistvete tyaktavyāḥ kṛtalakṣaṇāḥ |nirdayā nirnamaskārāstanmanoranuśāsanam
Such (persons) who have been branded with (indelible) marks must be cast off by their paternal and maternal relations, and receive neither compassion nor a salutation ; that is the teaching of
- 9.240
प्रायश्चित्तं तु कुर्वाणाः सर्ववर्णा यथोदितम् ।नाङ्क्या राज्ञा ललाटे स्युर्दाप्यास्तूत्तमसाहसम्
prāyaścittaṃ tu kurvāṇāḥ sarvavarṇā yathoditam |nāṅkyā rājñā lalāṭe syurdāpyāstūttamasāhasam
But (men of) all castes who perform the prescribed penances, must not be branded on the forehead by the king, but shall be made to pay the highest amercement.
- 9.241
आगःसु ब्राह्मणस्यैव कार्यो मध्यमसाहसः ।विवास्यो वा भवेद्राष्ट्रात्सद्रव्यः सपरिच्छदः
āgaḥsu brāhmaṇasyaiva kāryo madhyamasāhasaḥ |vivāsyo vā bhavedrāṣṭrātsadravyaḥ saparicchadaḥ
For (such) offences the middlemost amerce- ment shall be inflicted on a Brahma^a, or he may be banished from the realm, keeping his money and his chattels.
- 9.242
इतरे कृतवन्तस्तु पापान्येतान्यकामतः ।सर्वस्वहारं अर्हन्ति कामतस्तु प्रवासनम्
itare kṛtavantastu pāpānyetānyakāmataḥ |sarvasvahāraṃ arhanti kāmatastu pravāsanam
But (men of) other (castes), who have unin- tentionally committed such crimes, ought to be - de- prived of their whole property ; if (they committed them) intentionally, they shall be banished.
- 9.243
नाददीत नृपः साधुर्महापातकिनो धनम् ।आददानस्तु तल्लोभात्तेन दोषेण लिप्यते
nādadīta nṛpaḥ sādhurmahāpātakino dhanam |ādadānastu tallobhāttena doṣeṇa lipyate
A virtuous king must not take for himself the property of a man guilty of mortal sin ; but if he takes it out of greed, he is tainted by that guilt (of the offender).
- 9.244
अप्सु प्रवेश्य तं दण्डं वरुणायोपपादयेत् ।श्रुतवृत्तोपपन्ने वा ब्राह्मणे प्रतिपादयेत्
apsu praveśya taṃ daṇḍaṃ varuṇāyopapādayet |śrutavṛttopapanne vā brāhmaṇe pratipādayet
Having thrown such a fine into the water, let him offer it to Varu^a, or let him bestow it on a learned and virtuous Brahma?za.
- 9.245
ईशो दण्डस्य वरुणो राज्ञां दण्डधरो हि सः ।ईशः सर्वस्य जगतो ब्राह्मणो वेदपारगः
īśo daṇḍasya varuṇo rājñāṃ daṇḍadharo hi saḥ |īśaḥ sarvasya jagato brāhmaṇo vedapāragaḥ
Vanma is the lord of punishment, for he holds the sceptre even over kings ; a Brahma/za who has learnt the whole Veda is the lord of the whole world.
- 9.246
यत्र वर्जयते राजा पापकृद्भ्यो धनागमम् ।तत्र कालेन जायन्ते मानवा दीर्घजीविनः
yatra varjayate rājā pāpakṛdbhyo dhanāgamam |tatra kālena jāyante mānavā dīrghajīvinaḥ
In that (country), where the king avoids taking the property of (mortal) sinners, men are born in (due) time (and are) long-lived,
- 9.247
निष्पद्यन्ते च सस्यानि यथोप्तानि विशां पृथक् ।बालाश्च न प्रमीयन्ते विकृतं च न जायते
niṣpadyante ca sasyāni yathoptāni viśāṃ pṛthak |bālāśca na pramīyante vikṛtaṃ ca na jāyate
And the crops of the husbandmen spring up, each as it was sown, and the children die not, and no misshaped (offspring) is born. property, if the offence was committed unintentionally, and be
- 9.248
ब्राह्मणान्बाधमानं तु कामादवरवर्णजम् ।हन्याच्चित्रैर्वधोपायैरुद्वेजनकरैर्नृपः
brāhmaṇānbādhamānaṃ tu kāmādavaravarṇajam |hanyāccitrairvadhopāyairudvejanakarairnṛpaḥ
But the king shall inflict on a base-born (.Sudra), who intentionally gives pain to Brahma^as, various (kinds of) corporal punishment which cause terror.
- 9.249
यावानवध्यस्य वधे तावान्वध्यस्य मोक्षणे ।अधर्मो नृपतेर्दृष्टो धर्मस्तु विनियच्छतः
yāvānavadhyasya vadhe tāvānvadhyasya mokṣaṇe |adharmo nṛpaterdṛṣṭo dharmastu viniyacchataḥ
When a king punishes an innocent (man), his guilt is considered as great as when he sets free a guilty man; but (he acquires) merit when he punishes (justly).
- 9.250
उदितोऽयं विस्तरशो मिथो विवादमानयोः ।अष्टादशसु मार्गेषु व्यवहारस्य निर्णयः
udito'yaṃ vistaraśo mitho vivādamānayoḥ |aṣṭādaśasu mārgeṣu vyavahārasya nirṇayaḥ
' This verse is the conclusion of the section on the eighteen titles of the law' (Medh.), 'and now follows a supplement on the duties of a king' (Nar.).
- 9.251
एवं धर्म्याणि कार्याणि सम्यक्कुर्वन्महीपतिः ।देशानलब्धांल्लिप्सेत लब्धांश्च परिपालयेत्
evaṃ dharmyāṇi kāryāṇi samyakkurvanmahīpatiḥ |deśānalabdhāṃllipseta labdhāṃśca paripālayet
A king who thus duly fulfils his duties in accordance with justice, may seek to gain countries which he has not yet gained, and shall duly protect them when he has gained them.
- 9.252
सम्यङ्निविष्टदेशस्तु कृतदुर्गश्च शास्त्रतः ।कण्टकोद्धरणे नित्यं आतिष्ठेद्यत्नं उत्तमम्
samyaṅniviṣṭadeśastu kṛtadurgaśca śāstrataḥ |kaṇṭakoddharaṇe nityaṃ ātiṣṭhedyatnaṃ uttamam
Having duly settled his country, and having built forts in accordance with the Institutes, he shall use his utmost exertions to remove (those men who are nocuous like) thorns.
- 9.253
रक्षनादार्यवृत्तानां कण्टकानां च शोधनात् ।नरेन्द्रास्त्रिदिवं यान्ति प्रजापालनतत्पराः
rakṣanādāryavṛttānāṃ kaṇṭakānāṃ ca śodhanāt |narendrāstridivaṃ yānti prajāpālanatatparāḥ
By protecting those who live as (becomes) Aryans and by removing the thorns, kings, solely intent on guarding their subjects, reach heaven.
- 9.254
अशासंस्तस्करान्यस्तु बलिं गृह्णाति पार्थिवः ।तस्य प्रक्षुभ्यते राष्ट्रं स्वर्गाच्च परिहीयते
aśāsaṃstaskarānyastu baliṃ gṛhṇāti pārthivaḥ |tasya prakṣubhyate rāṣṭraṃ svargācca parihīyate
The realm of that king who takes his share
- 9.255
निर्भयं तु भवेद्यस्य राष्ट्रं बाहुबलाश्रितम् ।तस्य तद्वर्धते नित्यं सिच्यमान इव द्रुमः
nirbhayaṃ tu bhavedyasya rāṣṭraṃ bāhubalāśritam |tasya tadvardhate nityaṃ sicyamāna iva drumaḥ
But if his kingdom be secure, protected by the strength of his arm, it will constantly flourish like a (well)-watered tree.
- 9.256
द्विविधांस्तस्करान्विद्यात्परद्रव्यापहारकान् ।प्रकाशांश्चाप्रकाशांश्च चारचक्षुर्महीपतिः
dvividhāṃstaskarānvidyātparadravyāpahārakān |prakāśāṃścāprakāśāṃśca cāracakṣurmahīpatiḥ
Let the king who sees (everything) through his spies, discover the two sorts of thieves who deprive others of their property, both those who '(show themselves) openly and those who (lie) con-
- 9.257
प्रकाशवञ्चकास्तेषां नानापण्योपजीविनः ।प्रच्छन्नवञ्चकास्त्वेते ये स्तेनाटविकादयः
prakāśavañcakāsteṣāṃ nānāpaṇyopajīvinaḥ |pracchannavañcakāstvete ye stenāṭavikādayaḥ
Among them, the open rogues Jare those) who subsist by (cheating in the sale of) various marketable commodities, but the con reeled rogues are burglars, robbers in forests, and so__ihr.th .
- 9.258
उत्कोचकाश्चाउपधिका वञ्चकाः कितवास्तथा ।मङ्गलादेशवृत्ताश्च भद्राश्चेक्षणिकैः सह
utkocakāścāupadhikā vañcakāḥ kitavāstathā |maṅgalādeśavṛttāśca bhadrāścekṣaṇikaiḥ saha
Those who take bribes, cheats and rogues, gamblers, those who live by teaching (the per- formance of) auspicious ceremonies, sanctimonious hypocrites, and fortune-tellers,
- 9.259
असम्यक्कारिणश्चैव महामात्राश्चिकित्सकाः ।शिल्पोपचारयुक्ताश्च निपुणाः पण्ययोषितः
asamyakkāriṇaścaiva mahāmātrāścikitsakāḥ |śilpopacārayuktāśca nipuṇāḥ paṇyayoṣitaḥ
Officials of high rank and physicians who act improperly, men living by showing their pro- ficiency in arts, and clever harlots,
- 9.260
एवमादीन्विजानीयात्प्रकाशांल्लोककण्टकान् ।निगूढचारिणश्चान्याननार्यानार्यलिङ्गिनः
evamādīnvijānīyātprakāśāṃllokakaṇṭakān |nigūḍhacāriṇaścānyānanāryānāryaliṅginaḥ
These and the like who show themselves openly, as well as others who walk in disguise (such as) non-Aryans who wear the marks of Aryans, he should know to be thorns (in the side of his
- 9.261
तान्विदित्वा सुचरितैर्गूढैस्तत्कर्मकारिभिः ।चारैश्चानेकसंस्थानैः प्रोत्साद्य वशं आनयेत्
tānviditvā sucaritairgūḍhaistatkarmakāribhiḥ |cāraiścānekasaṃsthānaiḥ protsādya vaśaṃ ānayet
Having detected them by means of trust- worthy persons, who, disguising themselves, (pre- tend) to follow the same occupations and by means of spies, wearing various disguises, he must cause
- 9.262
तेषां दोषानभिख्याप्य स्वे स्वे कर्मणि तत्त्वतः ।कुर्वीत शासनं राजा सम्यक्सारापराधतः
teṣāṃ doṣānabhikhyāpya sve sve karmaṇi tattvataḥ |kurvīta śāsanaṃ rājā samyaksārāparādhataḥ
Then having caused the crimes, which they committed by their several actions, to be proclaimed in accordance with the facts, the king shall duly punish them according to their strength and their
- 9.263
न हि दण्डादृते शक्यः कर्तुं पापविनिग्रहः ।स्तेनानां पापबुद्धीनां निभृतं चरतां क्षितौ
na hi daṇḍādṛte śakyaḥ kartuṃ pāpavinigrahaḥ |stenānāṃ pāpabuddhīnāṃ nibhṛtaṃ caratāṃ kṣitau
For the wickedness of evil-minded thieves, who secretly prowl over this earth, cannot Jbe__re- strained except by punishment. "264. Assembly-houses, houses where water is dis-
- 9.264
सभाप्रपापूपशाला वेशमद्यान्नविक्रयाः ।चतुष्पथांश्चैत्यवृक्षाः समाजाः प्रेक्षणानि च
sabhāprapāpūpaśālā veśamadyānnavikrayāḥ |catuṣpathāṃścaityavṛkṣāḥ samājāḥ prekṣaṇāni ca
- 9.265
जीर्णोद्यानान्यरण्यानि कारुकावेशनानि च ।शून्यानि चाप्यगाराणि वनान्युपवनानि च
jīrṇodyānānyaraṇyāni kārukāveśanāni ca |śūnyāni cāpyagārāṇi vanānyupavanāni ca
Old gardens, forests, the shops of artisans, empty dwellings, natural and artificial groves,
- 9.266
एवंविधान्नृपो देशान्गुल्मैः स्थावरजङ्गमैः ।तस्करप्रतिषेधार्थं चारैश्चाप्यनुचारयेत्
evaṃvidhānnṛpo deśāngulmaiḥ sthāvarajaṅgamaiḥ |taskarapratiṣedhārthaṃ cāraiścāpyanucārayet
These and the like places the king shall cause to be guarded by companies of soldiers, both stationary and patrolling, and by spies, in order to keep away thieves.
- 9.267
तत्सहायैरनुगतैर्नानाकर्मप्रवेदिभिः ।विद्यादुत्सादयेच्चैव निपुणैः पूर्वतस्करैः
tatsahāyairanugatairnānākarmapravedibhiḥ |vidyādutsādayeccaiva nipuṇaiḥ pūrvataskaraiḥ
By the means of clever reformed thieves, who associate with such (rogues), follow them and know their various machinations, he must detect and destroy them.
- 9.268
भक्ष्यभोज्योपदेशैश्च ब्राह्मणानां च दर्शनैः ।शौर्यकर्मापदेशैश्च कुर्युस्तेषां समागमम्
bhakṣyabhojyopadeśaiśca brāhmaṇānāṃ ca darśanaiḥ |śauryakarmāpadeśaiśca kuryusteṣāṃ samāgamam
Under the pretext of (offering them) various dainties, of introducing them to Brahma/zas, and on the pretence of (showing them) feats of strength, the (spies) must make them meet (the officers of justice).
- 9.269
ये तत्र नोपसर्पेयुर्मूलप्रणिहिताश्च ये ।तान्प्रसह्य नृपो हन्यात्समित्रज्ञातिबान्धवान्
ye tatra nopasarpeyurmūlapraṇihitāśca ye |tānprasahya nṛpo hanyātsamitrajñātibāndhavān
Those among them who do not come, and those who suspect the old (thieves employed by the king), the king shall attack by force and slay together with__their friends, blood relations, and
- 9.270
न होढेन विना चौरं घातयेद्धार्मिको नृपः ।सहोढं सोपकरणं घातयेदविचारयन्
na hoḍhena vinā cauraṃ ghātayeddhārmiko nṛpaḥ |sahoḍhaṃ sopakaraṇaṃ ghātayedavicārayan
A just king shall not cause a thief to be put to death, (unless taken) with the stolen goods (in his possession) ; him who (is taken) with the stolen goods and the implements (of burglary), he
- 9.271
ग्रामेष्वपि च ये के चिच्चौराणां भक्तदायकाः ।भाण्डावकाशदाश्चैव सर्वांस्तानपि घातयेत्
grāmeṣvapi ca ye ke ciccaurāṇāṃ bhaktadāyakāḥ |bhāṇḍāvakāśadāścaiva sarvāṃstānapi ghātayet
All those also who in villages give food to thieves or grant them room for (concealing their implements), he shall cause to be put to death.
- 9.272
राष्ट्रेषु रक्षाधिकृतान्सामन्तांश्चैव चोदितान् ।अभ्याघातेषु मध्यस्थाञ् शिष्याच्चौरानिव द्रुतम्
rāṣṭreṣu rakṣādhikṛtānsāmantāṃścaiva coditān |abhyāghāteṣu madhyasthāñ śiṣyāccaurāniva drutam
Those who are appointed to guard pro- vinces and his vassals who have been ordered (to help), he shall speedily punish like thieves, (if they remain) inactive in attacks (by robbers).
- 9.273
यश्चापि धर्मसमयात्प्रच्युतो धर्मजीवनः ।दण्डेनैव तं अप्योषेत्स्वकाद्धर्माद्धि विच्युतम्
yaścāpi dharmasamayātpracyuto dharmajīvanaḥ |daṇḍenaiva taṃ apyoṣetsvakāddharmāddhi vicyutam
Moreover if (a man), who subsists by (the fulfilment of) the law, departs from the established rule of the law, the (king) shall severely punish him by a fine, (because he) violated his duty.
- 9.274
ग्रामघाते हिताभङ्गे पथि मोषाभिदर्शने ।शक्तितो नाभिधावन्तो निर्वास्याः सपरिच्छदाः
grāmaghāte hitābhaṅge pathi moṣābhidarśane |śaktito nābhidhāvanto nirvāsyāḥ saparicchadāḥ
Those who do not give assistance according to their ability when a village is being plundered, a dyke is being destroyed, or a highway robbery com- mitted, shall be banished with their goods and
- 9.275
राज्ञः कोशापहर्तॄंश्च प्रतिकूलेषु च स्थितान् ।घातयेद्विविधैर्दण्डैररीणां चोपजापकान्
rājñaḥ kośāpahartṝṃśca pratikūleṣu ca sthitān |ghātayedvividhairdaṇḍairarīṇāṃ copajāpakān
On those who rob thR kingg treasury and those who persevere in opposing (his commands), he shall inflict various kinds of capital punishment, likewise on those who conspire with his enemies.
- 9.276
संधिं छित्त्वा तु ये चौर्यं रात्रौ कुर्वन्ति तस्कराः ।तेषां छित्त्वा नृपो हस्तौ तीक्ष्णे शूले निवेशयेत्
saṃdhiṃ chittvā tu ye cauryaṃ rātrau kurvanti taskarāḥ |teṣāṃ chittvā nṛpo hastau tīkṣṇe śūle niveśayet
But the king shall cut off the hands of those robbers who, breaking into houses, commit thefts at night, and cause them to be impaled^ on a pointed stake.
- 9.277
अङ्गुलीर्ग्रन्थिभेदस्य छेदयेत्प्रथमे ग्रहे ।द्वितीये हस्तचरणौ तृतीये वधं अर्हति
aṅgulīrgranthibhedasya chedayetprathame grahe |dvitīye hastacaraṇau tṛtīye vadhaṃ arhati
On the first conviction, let him cause two, fingers of a cut-purse to be amputated; on the second, one hand and one foot ; on the third, he shall suffer death.
- 9.278
अग्निदान्भक्तदांश्चैव तथा शस्त्रावकाशदान् ।संनिधातॄंश्च मोषस्य हन्याच्चौरं इवेश्वरः
agnidānbhaktadāṃścaiva tathā śastrāvakāśadān |saṃnidhātṝṃśca moṣasya hanyāccauraṃ iveśvaraḥ
Those who give (to thieves) fire, food, arms, or shelter, and receivers of stolen goods, the ruler shall punish like thieves.
- 9.279
तडागभेदकं हन्यादप्सु शुद्धवधेन वा ।यद्वापि प्रतिसंस्कुर्याद्दाप्यस्तूत्तमसाहसम्
taḍāgabhedakaṃ hanyādapsu śuddhavadhena vā |yadvāpi pratisaṃskuryāddāpyastūttamasāhasam
Him who breaks (the dam of) a tank he shall slay (by drowning him) in water or by (some other) simple (mode of) capital punishment ; or the offender may repair the (damage), but shall be made
- 9.280
कोष्ठागारायुधागार देवतागारभेदकान् ।हस्त्यश्वरथहर्तॄंश्च हन्यादेवाविचारयन्
koṣṭhāgārāyudhāgāra devatāgārabhedakān |hastyaśvarathahartṝṃśca hanyādevāvicārayan
Those who break into a (royal) storehouse, an armoury, or a temple, and those who steal ele- phants, horses, or chariots, he shall slay without hesitation.
- 9.281
यस्तु पूर्वनिविष्टस्य तडागस्योदकं हरेत् ।आगमं वाप्यपां भिन्द्यात्स दाप्यः पूर्वसाहसम्
yastu pūrvaniviṣṭasya taḍāgasyodakaṃ haret |āgamaṃ vāpyapāṃ bhindyātsa dāpyaḥ pūrvasāhasam
But he who shall take away the water of a tank, made in ancient times, or shall cut off the supply of water, must be made to pay the first (or lowest) amercement.
- 9.282
समुत्सृजेद्राजमार्गे यस्त्वमेध्यं अनापदि ।स द्वौ कार्षापणौ दद्यादमेध्यं चाशु शोधयेत्
samutsṛjedrājamārge yastvamedhyaṃ anāpadi |sa dvau kārṣāpaṇau dadyādamedhyaṃ cāśu śodhayet
But he who, except in 'a case of extreme necessity, drops filth on the king's high-road, shall pay two karshapa/zas and immediately remove (that) filth.
- 9.283
आपद्गतोऽथ वा वृद्धा गर्भिणी बाल एव वा ।परिभाषणं अर्हन्ति तच्च शोध्यं इति स्थितिः
āpadgato'tha vā vṛddhā garbhiṇī bāla eva vā |paribhāṣaṇaṃ arhanti tacca śodhyaṃ iti sthitiḥ
But a person in urgent necessity, an aged man, a pregnant woman, or a child, shall be repri- manded and clean the (place); that is a settled rule.
- 9.284
चिकित्सकानां सर्वेषां मिथ्याप्रचरतां दमः ।अमानुषेषु प्रथमो मानुषेषु तु मध्यमः
cikitsakānāṃ sarveṣāṃ mithyāpracaratāṃ damaḥ |amānuṣeṣu prathamo mānuṣeṣu tu madhyamaḥ
All physicians who treat (their patients) wrongly (shall pay) a fine; in the case of animals, the commentary, and the other gives it in the text, while the expla- nation is rakshitara^, ' protectors or abettors/ Nand., too, reads
- 9.285
संक्रमध्वजयष्टीनां प्रतिमानां च भेदकः ।प्रतिकुर्याच्च तत्सर्वं पञ्च दद्याच्छतानि च
saṃkramadhvajayaṣṭīnāṃ pratimānāṃ ca bhedakaḥ |pratikuryācca tatsarvaṃ pañca dadyācchatāni ca
He who destroys a bridge, the flag (of a temple or royal palace), a pole, or images, shall repair the whole (damage) and pay five hundred (pa/zas).
- 9.286
अदूषितानां द्रव्याणां दूषणे भेदने तथा ।मणीनां अपवेधे च दण्डः प्रथमसाहसः
adūṣitānāṃ dravyāṇāṃ dūṣaṇe bhedane tathā |maṇīnāṃ apavedhe ca daṇḍaḥ prathamasāhasaḥ
For adulterating unadulterated commodities, and for breaking gems or for improperly boring (them), the fine is the first (or lowest) amercement.
- 9.287
समैर्हि विषमं यस्तु चरेद्वै मूल्यतोऽपि वा ।समाप्नुयाद्दमं पूर्वं नरो मध्यमं एव वा
samairhi viṣamaṃ yastu caredvai mūlyato'pi vā |samāpnuyāddamaṃ pūrvaṃ naro madhyamaṃ eva vā
But that man who behaves dishonestly to honest (customers) or cheats in his prices, shall be fined in the first or in the middlemost amercement.
- 9.288
बन्धनानि च सर्वाणि राजा मार्गे निवेशयेत् ।दुःखिता यत्र दृश्येरन्विकृताः पापकारिणह्
bandhanāni ca sarvāṇi rājā mārge niveśayet |duḥkhitā yatra dṛśyeranvikṛtāḥ pāpakāriṇah
Let him place all prisons near a high-road, where the suffering and disfigured offenders can be seen.
- 9.289
प्राकारस्य च भेत्तारं परिखाणां च पूरकम् ।द्वाराणां चैव भङ्क्तारं क्षिप्रं एव प्रवासयेत्
prākārasya ca bhettāraṃ parikhāṇāṃ ca pūrakam |dvārāṇāṃ caiva bhaṅktāraṃ kṣipraṃ eva pravāsayet
Him who destroys the wall (of a town), or fills up the ditch (round a town), or breaks a (town)- gate, he shall instantly banish.
- 9.290
अभिचारेषु सर्वेषु कर्तव्यो द्विशतो दमः ।मूलकर्मणि चानाप्तेः कृत्यासु विविधासु च
abhicāreṣu sarveṣu kartavyo dviśato damaḥ |mūlakarmaṇi cānāpteḥ kṛtyāsu vividhāsu ca
For all incantations intended to destroy life, refers to cases when death is not (the result of the wrong treat- ment) ; for if that is the case the punishment is greater.'
- 9.291
अबीजविक्रयी चैव बीजोत्कृष्टा तथैव च ।मर्यादाभेदकश्चैव विकृतं प्राप्नुयाद्वधम्
abījavikrayī caiva bījotkṛṣṭā tathaiva ca |maryādābhedakaścaiva vikṛtaṃ prāpnuyādvadham
He who sells (for seed-corn that which is) not seed-corn, he who takes up seed (already sown), and he who destroys a boundary(-mark), shall be punished by mutilation.
- 9.292
सर्वकण्टकपापिष्ठं हेमकारं तु पार्थिवः ।प्रवर्तमानं अन्याये छेदयेल्लवशः क्षुरैः
sarvakaṇṭakapāpiṣṭhaṃ hemakāraṃ tu pārthivaḥ |pravartamānaṃ anyāye chedayellavaśaḥ kṣuraiḥ
But the king shall cause a goldsmith who behaves dishonestly, the most nocuous of all the thorns, to be cut to pieces with razors.
- 9.293
सीताद्रव्यापहरणे शस्त्राणां औषधस्य च ।कालं आसाद्य कार्यं च राजा दण्डं प्रकल्पयेत्
sītādravyāpaharaṇe śastrāṇāṃ auṣadhasya ca |kālaṃ āsādya kāryaṃ ca rājā daṇḍaṃ prakalpayet
For the theft of agricultural implements, of arms and of medicines, let the king award punish- ment, taking into account the time (of the offence) and the use (of the object).
- 9.294
स्वाम्यमात्यौ पुरं राष्ट्रं कोशदण्डौ सुहृत्तथा ।सप्त प्रकृतयो ह्येताः सप्ताङ्गं राज्यं उच्यते
svāmyamātyau puraṃ rāṣṭraṃ kośadaṇḍau suhṛttathā |sapta prakṛtayo hyetāḥ saptāṅgaṃ rājyaṃ ucyate
The king and his minister, his capital, his realm, his treasury, his army, and his ally are the seven constituent parts (of a kingdom); (hence) a kingdom is said to have seven limbs (ahga).
- 9.295
सप्तानां प्रकृतीनां तु राज्यस्यासां यथाक्रमम् ।पूर्वं पूर्वं गुरुतरं जानीयाद्व्यसनं महत्
saptānāṃ prakṛtīnāṃ tu rājyasyāsāṃ yathākramam |pūrvaṃ pūrvaṃ gurutaraṃ jānīyādvyasanaṃ mahat
But let him know (that) among these seven constituent parts of a kingdom (which have been enumerated) in due order, each earlier (named) is more important and (its destruction) the greater
- 9.296
सप्ताङ्गस्येह राज्यस्य विष्टब्धस्य त्रिदण्डवत् ।अन्योन्यगुणवैशेष्यान्न किं चिदतिरिच्यते
saptāṅgasyeha rājyasya viṣṭabdhasya tridaṇḍavat |anyonyaguṇavaiśeṣyānna kiṃ cidatiricyate
Yet in a kingdom, containing seven con- stituent parts, which is upheld like the triple staff (of an ascetic), there is no (single part) more im- portant (than the others), by reason of the importance
- 9.297
तेषु तेषु तु कृत्येषु तत्तदङ्गं विशिष्यते ।येन यत्साध्यते कार्यं तत्तस्मिञ् श्रेष्ठं उच्यते
teṣu teṣu tu kṛtyeṣu tattadaṅgaṃ viśiṣyate |yena yatsādhyate kāryaṃ tattasmiñ śreṣṭhaṃ ucyate
For each part is particularly qualified for (the accomplishment of) certain objects, (and thus) each is declared to be the most important for that particular purpose which is effected by its means.
- 9.298
चारेणोत्साहयोगेन क्रिययैव च कर्मणाम् ।स्वशक्तिं परशक्तिं च नित्यं विद्यान्महीपतिः
cāreṇotsāhayogena kriyayaiva ca karmaṇām |svaśaktiṃ paraśaktiṃ ca nityaṃ vidyānmahīpatiḥ
By spies, by a (pretended) display of energy, and by carrying out (various) undertakings, let the king constantly ascertain his own and his enemy's strength ;
- 9.299
पीडनानि च सर्वाणि व्यसनानि तथैव च ।आरभेत ततः कार्यं संचिन्त्य गुरुलाघवम्
pīḍanāni ca sarvāṇi vyasanāni tathaiva ca |ārabheta tataḥ kāryaṃ saṃcintya gurulāghavam
Moreover, all calamities and vices ; after- wards, when he has fully considered their relative importance, let him begin his operations. arms just before or during a fight, should be punished more heavily
- 9.300
आरभेतैव कर्माणि श्रान्तः श्रान्तः पुनः पुनः ।कर्माण्यारभमाणं हि पुरुषं श्रीर्निषेवते
ārabhetaiva karmāṇi śrāntaḥ śrāntaḥ punaḥ punaḥ |karmāṇyārabhamāṇaṃ hi puruṣaṃ śrīrniṣevate
(Though he be) ever so much tired (by repeated failures), let him begin his operations again and again ; for fortune greatly favours the man who (strenuously) exerts himself in his under-
- 9.301
कृतं त्रेतायुगं चैव द्वापरं कलिरेव च ।राज्ञो वृत्तानि सर्वाणि राजा हि युगं उच्यते
kṛtaṃ tretāyugaṃ caiva dvāparaṃ kalireva ca |rājño vṛttāni sarvāṇi rājā hi yugaṃ ucyate
The various ways in which a king behaves (resemble) the Kf/ta, Treta, Dvapara, and Kali ages ; hence the king is identified with the ages (of the world).
- 9.302
कलिः प्रसुप्तो भवति स जाग्रद्द्वापरं युगम् ।कर्मस्वभ्युद्यतस्त्रेता विचरंस्तु कृतं युगम्
kaliḥ prasupto bhavati sa jāgraddvāparaṃ yugam |karmasvabhyudyatastretā vicaraṃstu kṛtaṃ yugam
Sleeping he represents the Kali (or iron age), waking the Dvapara (or brazen) age, ready to act the Treta (or silver age), but moving (actively) the Krtta. (or golden) age.
- 9.303
इन्द्रस्यार्कस्य वायोश्च यमस्य वरुणस्य च ।चन्द्रस्याग्नेः पृथिव्याश्च तेजोवृत्तं नृपश्चरेत्
indrasyārkasya vāyośca yamasya varuṇasya ca |candrasyāgneḥ pṛthivyāśca tejovṛttaṃ nṛpaścaret
Let the king emulate the energetic action of Indra, of the Sun, of the Wind, of Yama, of Varu/za, of the Moon, of the Fire, and of the Earth.
- 9.304
वार्षिकांश्चतुरो मासान्यथेन्द्रोऽभिप्रवर्षति ।तथाभिवर्षेत्स्वं राष्ट्रं कामैरिन्द्रव्रतं चरन्
vārṣikāṃścaturo māsānyathendro'bhipravarṣati |tathābhivarṣetsvaṃ rāṣṭraṃ kāmairindravrataṃ caran
As Indra sends copious rain during the four months of the rainy season, even so let the king, taking upon himself the office of Indra, shower benefits on his kingdom.
- 9.305
अष्टौ मासान्यथादित्यस्तोयं हरति रश्मिभिः ।तथा हरेत्करं राष्ट्रान्नित्यं अर्कव्रतं हि तत्
aṣṭau māsānyathādityastoyaṃ harati raśmibhiḥ |tathā haretkaraṃ rāṣṭrānnityaṃ arkavrataṃ hi tat
As the Sun during eight, months (imper- ceptibly) draws up the water with his rays, even so let him gradually draw his taxes from his kingdom; for that is the office in which he resembles the Sun.
- 9.306
प्रविश्य सर्वभूतानि यथा चरति मारुतः ।तथा चारैः प्रवेष्टव्यं व्रतं एतद्धि मारुतम्
praviśya sarvabhūtāni yathā carati mārutaḥ |tathā cāraiḥ praveṣṭavyaṃ vrataṃ etaddhi mārutam
As the Wind moves (everywhere), entering (in the shape of the vital air) all created beings, even so let him penetrate (everywhere) through his and his enemy's party' (Nar.), or 'those affecting both his own
- 9.307
यथा यमः प्रियद्वेष्यौ प्राप्ते काले नियच्छति ।तथा राज्ञा नियन्तव्याः प्रजास्तद्धि यमव्रतम्
yathā yamaḥ priyadveṣyau prāpte kāle niyacchati |tathā rājñā niyantavyāḥ prajāstaddhi yamavratam
As Yama at the appointed time subjects to his rule both friends and foes, even so all subjects must be controlled by the king ; that is the office in which he resembles Yama.
- 9.308
वरुणेन यथा पाशैर्बद्ध एवाभिदृश्यते ।तथा पापान्निगृह्णीयाद्व्रतं एतद्धि वारुणम्
varuṇena yathā pāśairbaddha evābhidṛśyate |tathā pāpānnigṛhṇīyādvrataṃ etaddhi vāruṇam
As (a sinner) is seen bound with ropes by Varu/za, even so let him. punish the wicked ; that is his office in which he resembles Varu^a.
- 9.309
परिपूर्णं यथा चन्द्रं दृष्ट्वा हृष्यन्ति मानवाः ।तथा प्रकृतयो यस्मिन्स चान्द्रव्रतिको नृपः
paripūrṇaṃ yathā candraṃ dṛṣṭvā hṛṣyanti mānavāḥ |tathā prakṛtayo yasminsa cāndravratiko nṛpaḥ
He is a king, taking upon himself the office of the Moon, whose (appearance) his subjects (greet with as great joy) as men feel on seeing the full moon.
- 9.310
प्रतापयुक्तस्तेजस्वी नित्यं स्यात्पापकर्मसु ।दुष्टसामन्तहिंस्रश्च तदाग्नेयं व्रतं स्मृतम्
pratāpayuktastejasvī nityaṃ syātpāpakarmasu |duṣṭasāmantahiṃsraśca tadāgneyaṃ vrataṃ smṛtam
(If) he is ardent in wrath against criminals and endowed with brilliant energy, and destroys wicked vassals', then his character is said (to re- semble) that of Fire.
- 9.311
यथा सर्वाणि भूतानि धरा धारयते समम् ।तथा सर्वाणि भूतानि बिभ्रतः पार्थिवं व्रतम्
yathā sarvāṇi bhūtāni dharā dhārayate samam |tathā sarvāṇi bhūtāni bibhrataḥ pārthivaṃ vratam
As the Earth supports all created beings equally, thus (a king) who supports all his subjects, (takes upon himself) the office of the Earth.
- 9.312
एतैरुपायैरन्यैश्च युक्तो नित्यं अतन्द्रितः ।स्तेनान्राजा निगृह्णीयात्स्वराष्ट्रे पर एव च
etairupāyairanyaiśca yukto nityaṃ atandritaḥ |stenānrājā nigṛhṇīyātsvarāṣṭre para eva ca
Employing these and other means, the king shall, ever untired, restrain thieves both in his own dominions and in (tho§£-of) 0TrTersT~ Id • \\\b\C<
- 9.313
परां अप्यापदं प्राप्तो ब्राह्मणान्न प्रकोपयेत् ।ते ह्येनं कुपिता हन्युः सद्यः सबलवाहनम्
parāṃ apyāpadaṃ prāpto brāhmaṇānna prakopayet |te hyenaṃ kupitā hanyuḥ sadyaḥ sabalavāhanam
Let him-<no1:, though fallen into the deepest j distress, provoke Brahma^as to anger ; JoH-they^ ~ft
- 9.314
यैः कृतः सर्वभक्ष्योऽग्निरपेयश्च महोदधिः ।क्षयी चाप्यायितः सोमः को न नश्येत्प्रकोप्य तान्
yaiḥ kṛtaḥ sarvabhakṣyo'gnirapeyaśca mahodadhiḥ |kṣayī cāpyāyitaḥ somaḥ ko na naśyetprakopya tān
Who could escape destruction, when he pro- vokes to anger those (men), by whom the fire was made to consume all things, by whom the (water of the) ocean was made undrinkable, and by whom the
- 9.315
लोकानन्यान्सृजेयुर्ये लोकपालांश्च कोपिताः ।देवान्कुर्युरदेवांश्च कः क्षिण्वंस्तान्समृध्नुयात्
lokānanyānsṛjeyurye lokapālāṃśca kopitāḥ |devānkuryuradevāṃśca kaḥ kṣiṇvaṃstānsamṛdhnuyāt
This verse also contains allusions to the Mahabharata. Vwvamitra tried to create other worlds (Medh.), the Valakhilyas another Indra and Vayu, and others deprived the gods of their station. With respect to the latter point, Ragh. quotes the story of
- 9.316
यानुपाश्रित्य तिष्ठन्ति लोका देवाश्च सर्वदा ।ब्रह्म चैव धनं येषां को हिंस्यात्ताञ् जिजीविषुः
yānupāśritya tiṣṭhanti lokā devāśca sarvadā |brahma caiva dhanaṃ yeṣāṃ ko hiṃsyāttāñ jijīviṣuḥ
What man, desirous of life, would injure them to whose support the (three) worlds and the gods ever owe their existence, and whose wealth is the Veda ?
- 9.317
अविद्वांश्चैव विद्वांश्च ब्राह्मणो दैवतं महत् ।प्रणीतश्चाप्रणीतश्च यथाग्निर्दैवतं महत्
avidvāṃścaiva vidvāṃśca brāhmaṇo daivataṃ mahat |praṇītaścāpraṇītaśca yathāgnirdaivataṃ mahat
A Brahma/za, be he ignorant or learned, is a great divinity, just as the fire, whether carried forth (for the performance of a burnt-oblation) or not carried forth, is a great divinity.
- 9.318
श्मशानेष्वपि तेजस्वी पावको नैव दुष्यति ।हूयमानश्च यज्ञेषु भूय एवाभिवर्धते
śmaśāneṣvapi tejasvī pāvako naiva duṣyati |hūyamānaśca yajñeṣu bhūya evābhivardhate
The brilliant fire is not contaminated even in burial-places, and, when presented with oblations (of butter) at sacrifices, it again increases mightily. property' (Medh., Nar.), or ' treating them with contumely' (Medh.).
- 9.319
एवं यद्यप्यनिष्टेषु वर्तन्ते सर्वकर्मसु ।सर्वथा ब्राह्मणाः पूज्याः परमं दैवतं हि तत्
evaṃ yadyapyaniṣṭeṣu vartante sarvakarmasu |sarvathā brāhmaṇāḥ pūjyāḥ paramaṃ daivataṃ hi tat
Thus, though Brahma^as employ them- selves in all (sorts of) mean occupations, they must / be honoured in every way ; for (each of) them is a li very great deity. jfi
- 9.320
क्षत्रस्यातिप्रवृद्धस्य ब्राह्मणान्प्रति सर्वशः ।ब्रह्मैव संनियन्तृ स्यात्क्षत्रं हि ब्रह्मसंभवम्
kṣatrasyātipravṛddhasya brāhmaṇānprati sarvaśaḥ |brahmaiva saṃniyantṛ syātkṣatraṃ hi brahmasaṃbhavam
When the Kshatriyas become in any way overbearing towards the Brahma^as, the Brahma^as themselves shall duly restrain them ; for the Ksha- triyas sprang from the Brahma^as.
- 9.321
अद्भ्योऽग्निर्ब्रह्मतः क्षत्रं अश्मनो लोहं उत्थितम् ।तेषां सर्वत्रगं तेजः स्वासु योनिषु शाम्यति
adbhyo'gnirbrahmataḥ kṣatraṃ aśmano lohaṃ utthitam |teṣāṃ sarvatragaṃ tejaḥ svāsu yoniṣu śāmyati
Fire sprang from water, Kshatriyas from Brahma;^as, iron from stone ; the all-penetrating force of those (three) has no effect on that whence they were produced.
- 9.322
नाब्रह्म क्षत्रं ऋध्नोति नाक्षत्रं ब्रह्म वर्धते ।ब्रह्म क्षत्रं च संपृक्तं इह चामुत्र वर्धते
nābrahma kṣatraṃ ṛdhnoti nākṣatraṃ brahma vardhate |brahma kṣatraṃ ca saṃpṛktaṃ iha cāmutra vardhate
Kshatriyas prosper not without Brahma;/as, Brahma^as prosper not without Kshatriyas ; Brah- ma/zas and Kshatriyas, being closely united, prosper in this (world) and in the next.
- 9.323
दत्त्वा धनं तु विप्रेभ्यः सर्वदण्डसमुत्थितम् ।पुत्रे राज्यं समासृज्य कुर्वीत प्रायणं रणे
dattvā dhanaṃ tu viprebhyaḥ sarvadaṇḍasamutthitam |putre rājyaṃ samāsṛjya kurvīta prāyaṇaṃ raṇe
But (a king who feels his end drawing nigh) shall bestow all his wealth, accumulated from fines, on Brahma^as, make over his kingdom to his son, and then seek death in battle.
- 9.324
एवं चरन्सदा युक्तो राजधर्मेषु पार्थिवः ।हितेषु चैव लोकस्य सर्वान्भृत्यान्नियोजयेत्
evaṃ caransadā yukto rājadharmeṣu pārthivaḥ |hiteṣu caiva lokasya sarvānbhṛtyānniyojayet
Thus conducting himself (and) ever intent on (discharging) his royal duties, a king shall order all his servants (to work) for the good of his people.
- 9.325
एषोऽखिलः कर्मविधिरुक्तो राज्ञः सनातनः ।इमं कर्मविधिं विद्यात्क्रमशो वैश्यशूद्रयोः
eṣo'khilaḥ karmavidhirukto rājñaḥ sanātanaḥ |imaṃ karmavidhiṃ vidyātkramaśo vaiśyaśūdrayoḥ
Thus the eternal law concerning the duties of a king has been fully declared ; know that the following rules apply in (due) order to the duties of Vaisyas and .Sudras.
- 9.326
वैश्यस्तु कृतसंस्कारः कृत्वा दारपरिग्रहम् ।वार्तायां नित्ययुक्तः स्यात्पशूनां चैव रक्षणे
vaiśyastu kṛtasaṃskāraḥ kṛtvā dāraparigraham |vārtāyāṃ nityayuktaḥ syātpaśūnāṃ caiva rakṣaṇe
After a Vaiiya has received the sacraments . and has taken a wife, he shall be always attentive to the business whereby he may subsist and to (that of) tending cattle.
- 9.327
प्रजापतिर्हि वैश्याय सृष्ट्वा परिददे पशून् ।ब्राह्मणाय च राज्ञे च सर्वाः परिददे प्रजाः
prajāpatirhi vaiśyāya sṛṣṭvā paridade paśūn |brāhmaṇāya ca rājñe ca sarvāḥ paridade prajāḥ
For when the Lord of creatures (Pra^apati) created cattle, he made them over to the Vaiiya ; to the Brahma/za, and to the king he entrusted all created beings.
- 9.328
न च वैश्यस्य कामः स्यान्न रक्षेयं पशूनिति ।वैश्ये चेच्छति नान्येन रक्षितव्याः कथं चन
na ca vaiśyasya kāmaḥ syānna rakṣeyaṃ paśūniti |vaiśye cecchati nānyena rakṣitavyāḥ kathaṃ cana
A Vaiiya must never (conceive this) wish, ' I will not keep cattle ;' and if a Vaiiya is willing (to keep them), they must never be kept by (men of) other (castes).
- 9.329
मणिमुक्ताप्रवालानां लोहानां तान्तवस्य च ।गन्धानां च रसानां च विद्यादर्घबलाबलम्
maṇimuktāpravālānāṃ lohānāṃ tāntavasya ca |gandhānāṃ ca rasānāṃ ca vidyādarghabalābalam
(A Vaiiya) must know the respective value of gems, of pearls, of coral, of metals, of (cloth) made of thread, of perfumes, and of condiments.
- 9.330
बीजानां उप्तिविच्च स्यात्क्षेत्रदोषगुणस्य च ।मानयोगं च जानीयात्तुलायोगांश्च सर्वशः
bījānāṃ uptivicca syātkṣetradoṣaguṇasya ca |mānayogaṃ ca jānīyāttulāyogāṃśca sarvaśaḥ
He must be acquainted with the (manner of) sowing of seeds, and of the good and bad qualities of fields, and he must perfectly know all measures and weights.
- 9.331
सारासारं च भाण्डानां देशानां च गुणागुणान् ।लाभालाभं च पण्यानां पशूनां परिवर्धनम्
sārāsāraṃ ca bhāṇḍānāṃ deśānāṃ ca guṇāguṇān |lābhālābhaṃ ca paṇyānāṃ paśūnāṃ parivardhanam
Moreover, the excellence and defects of commodities, the advantages and disadvantages of (different) countries, the (probable) profit and loss on merchandise, and the means of properly rearing
- 9.332
भृत्यानां च भृतिं विद्याद्भाषाश्च विविधा नृणाम् ।द्रव्याणां स्थानयोगांश्च क्रयविक्रयं एव च
bhṛtyānāṃ ca bhṛtiṃ vidyādbhāṣāśca vividhā nṛṇām |dravyāṇāṃ sthānayogāṃśca krayavikrayaṃ eva ca
He must be acquainted with the (proper)
- 9.333
धर्मेण च द्रव्यवृद्धावातिष्ठेद्यत्नं उत्तमम् ।दद्याच्च सर्वभूतानां अन्नं एव प्रयत्नतः
dharmeṇa ca dravyavṛddhāvātiṣṭhedyatnaṃ uttamam |dadyācca sarvabhūtānāṃ annaṃ eva prayatnataḥ
Let him exert himself to the utmost in order to increase his property in a righteous manner, and let him zealously give food to all created beings. ^o 334. But to serve Brahma^as (who are) learned
- 9.334
विप्राणां वेदविदुषां गृहस्थानां यशस्विनाम् ।शुश्रूषैव तु शूद्रस्य धर्मो नैश्रेयसः परः
viprāṇāṃ vedaviduṣāṃ gṛhasthānāṃ yaśasvinām |śuśrūṣaiva tu śūdrasya dharmo naiśreyasaḥ paraḥ
- 9.335
शुचिरुत्कृष्टशुश्रूषुर्मृदुवागनहंकृतः ।ब्राह्मणाद्याश्रयो नित्यं उत्कृष्टां जातिं अश्नुते
śucirutkṛṣṭaśuśrūṣurmṛduvāganahaṃkṛtaḥ |brāhmaṇādyāśrayo nityaṃ utkṛṣṭāṃ jātiṃ aśnute
(A .Sudra who is) pure, the servant of his betters, gentle in his speech, and free from pride, and always seeks a refuge with Brahma^as, attains (in his next life) a higher caste.
- 9.336
एषोऽनापदि वर्णानां उक्तः कर्मविधिः शुभः ।आपद्यपि हि यस्तेषां क्रमशस्तन्निबोधत
eṣo'nāpadi varṇānāṃ uktaḥ karmavidhiḥ śubhaḥ |āpadyapi hi yasteṣāṃ kramaśastannibodhata
The excellent law for the conduct of thef^ (four) castes (vanza), (when they are) not in distress, has been thus promulgated ; now hear in order their (several duties) in times of distress. -