Manusmriti (Laws of Manu) · Chapter 2
Adhyaya 2: Sources of the Law; Studentship
Translated by Georg Bühler (1886, Sacred Books of the East Vol 25, public domain), 1886. Public domain.
- 2.1
विद्वद्भिः सेवितः सद्भिर्नित्यमद्वेषरागिभिः ।हृदयेनाभ्यनुज्ञातो यो धर्मस्तं निबोधत
vidvadbhiḥ sevitaḥ sadbhirnityamadveṣarāgibhiḥ |hṛdayenābhyanujñāto yo dharmastaṃ nibodhata
The vow (of studying) the three Vedas under a teacher must be kept for thirty-six years, or for
- 2.2
कामात्मता न प्रशस्ता न चैवेहास्त्यकामता ।काम्यो हि वेदाधिगमः कर्मयोगश्च वैदिकः
kāmātmatā na praśastā na caivehāstyakāmatā |kāmyo hi vedādhigamaḥ karmayogaśca vaidikaḥ
(A student) who has studied in due order the three Vedas, or two, or even one only, without break- ing the (rules of) studentship, shall enter the order of householders.
- 2.3
संकल्पमूलः कामो वै यज्ञाः संकल्पसंभवाः ।व्रतानि यमधर्माश्च सर्वे संकल्पजाः स्मृताः
saṃkalpamūlaḥ kāmo vai yajñāḥ saṃkalpasaṃbhavāḥ |vratāni yamadharmāśca sarve saṃkalpajāḥ smṛtāḥ
He who is famous for (the strict performance of) his duties and has received his heritage, the Veda, from his father, shall be honoured, sitting on a couch and adorned with a garland, with (the present of) a
- 2.4
अकामस्य क्रिया काचिद्दृश्यते नेह कर्हिचित् ।यद्यद्धि कुरुते किं चित्तत्तत्कामस्य चेष्टितम्
akāmasya kriyā kāciddṛśyate neha karhicit |yadyaddhi kurute kiṃ cittattatkāmasya ceṣṭitam
Having bathed, with the permission of his teacher, and performed according to the rule the Samavartana (the rite on returning home), a twice- born man shall marry a wife of equal caste who is
- 2.5
तेषु सम्यग्वर्तमानो गच्छत्यमरलोकताम् ।यथा संकल्पितांश्चेह सर्वान्कामान्समश्नुते
teṣu samyagvartamāno gacchatyamaralokatām |yathā saṃkalpitāṃśceha sarvānkāmānsamaśnute
A (damsel) who is neither a Sapi/^a on the mothers side, nor belongs to the same family on the term of studentship extends over forty-eight years, and that rule includes the Atharva-veda.
- 2.6
वेदोऽखिलो धर्ममूलं स्मृतिशीले च तद्विदाम् ।आचारश्चैव साधूनां आत्मनस्तुष्टिरेव च
vedo'khilo dharmamūlaṃ smṛtiśīle ca tadvidām |ācāraścaiva sādhūnāṃ ātmanastuṣṭireva ca
- 2.7
यः कश्चित्कस्यचिद्धर्मो मनुना परिकीर्तितः ।स सर्वोऽभिहितो वेदे सर्वज्ञानमयो हि सः
yaḥ kaścitkasyaciddharmo manunā parikīrtitaḥ |sa sarvo'bhihito vede sarvajñānamayo hi saḥ
- 2.8
सर्वं तु समवेक्ष्येदं निखिलं ज्ञानचक्षुषा ।श्रुतिप्रामाण्यतो विद्वान्स्वधर्मे निविशेत वै
sarvaṃ tu samavekṣyedaṃ nikhilaṃ jñānacakṣuṣā |śrutiprāmāṇyato vidvānsvadharme niviśeta vai
- 2.9
श्रुतिस्मृत्युदितं धर्मं अनुतिष्ठन्हि मानवः ।इह कीर्तिमवाप्नोति प्रेत्य चानुत्तमं सुखम्
śrutismṛtyuditaṃ dharmaṃ anutiṣṭhanhi mānavaḥ |iha kīrtimavāpnoti pretya cānuttamaṃ sukham
- 2.10
श्रुतिस्तु वेदो विज्ञेयो धर्मशास्त्रं तु वै स्मृतिः ।ते सर्वार्थेष्वमीमांस्ये ताभ्यां धर्मो हि निर्बभौ
śrutistu vedo vijñeyo dharmaśāstraṃ tu vai smṛtiḥ |te sarvārtheṣvamīmāṃsye tābhyāṃ dharmo hi nirbabhau
- 2.11
योऽवमन्येत ते मूले हेतुशास्त्राश्रयाद्द्विजः ।स साधुभिर्बहिष्कार्यो नास्तिको वेदनिन्दकः
yo'vamanyeta te mūle hetuśāstrāśrayāddvijaḥ |sa sādhubhirbahiṣkāryo nāstiko vedanindakaḥ
- 2.12
वेदः स्मृतिः सदाचारः स्वस्य च प्रियं आत्मनः ।एतच्चतुर्विधं प्राहुः साक्षाद्धर्मस्य लक्षणम्
vedaḥ smṛtiḥ sadācāraḥ svasya ca priyaṃ ātmanaḥ |etaccaturvidhaṃ prāhuḥ sākṣāddharmasya lakṣaṇam
- 2.13
अर्थकामेष्वसक्तानां धर्मज्ञानं विधीयते ।धर्मं जिज्ञासमानानां प्रमाणं परमं श्रुतिः
arthakāmeṣvasaktānāṃ dharmajñānaṃ vidhīyate |dharmaṃ jijñāsamānānāṃ pramāṇaṃ paramaṃ śrutiḥ
- 2.14
श्रुतिद्वैधं तु यत्र स्यात्तत्र धर्मावुभौ स्मृतौ ।उभावपि हि तौ धर्मौ सम्यगुक्तौ मनीषिभिः
śrutidvaidhaṃ tu yatra syāttatra dharmāvubhau smṛtau |ubhāvapi hi tau dharmau samyaguktau manīṣibhiḥ
- 2.15
उदितेऽनुदिते चैव समयाध्युषिते तथा ।सर्वथा वर्तते यज्ञ इतीयं वैदिकी श्रुतिः
udite'nudite caiva samayādhyuṣite tathā |sarvathā vartate yajña itīyaṃ vaidikī śrutiḥ
(Thus) the (Agnihotra) sacrifice maybe (op- tionally) performed, at any time after the sun has risen, before he has risen, or when neither sun nor stars are visible ; that (is declared) by Vedic texts.
- 2.16
निषेकादिश्मशानान्तो मन्त्रैर्यस्योदितो विधिः ।तस्य शास्त्रेऽधिकारोऽस्मिञ् ज्ञेयो नान्यस्य कस्य चित्
niṣekādiśmaśānānto mantrairyasyodito vidhiḥ |tasya śāstre'dhikāro'smiñ jñeyo nānyasya kasya cit
Know that he for whom (the performance of) the ceremonies beginning with the rite of impregna- tion (Garbhadhana) and ending with the funeral rite (Antyesh^i) is prescribed, while sacred formulas are
- 2.17
सरस्वतीदृशद्वत्योर्देवनद्योर्यदन्तरम् ।तं देवनिर्मितं देशं ब्रह्मावर्तं प्रचक्षते
sarasvatīdṛśadvatyordevanadyoryadantaram |taṃ devanirmitaṃ deśaṃ brahmāvartaṃ pracakṣate
That land, created by the gods, which lies between the two divine rivers Sarasvati and Dn- shadvati, the (sages) call Brahmavarta.
- 2.18
तस्मिन्देशे य आचारः पारम्पर्यक्रमागतः ।वर्णानां सान्तरालानां स सदाचार उच्यते
tasmindeśe ya ācāraḥ pāramparyakramāgataḥ |varṇānāṃ sāntarālānāṃ sa sadācāra ucyate
The custom handed down in regular succes- sion (since time immemorial) among the (four chief) castes (var/za) and the mixed (races) of that country, is called the conduct of virtuous men.
- 2.19
कुरुक्षेत्रं च मत्स्याश्च पञ्चालाः शूरसेनकाः ।एष ब्रह्मर्षिदेशो वै ब्रह्मावर्तादनन्तरः
kurukṣetraṃ ca matsyāśca pañcālāḥ śūrasenakāḥ |eṣa brahmarṣideśo vai brahmāvartādanantaraḥ
The plain of the Kurus, the (country of the) Matsyas, Pa/^alas, and 6urasenakas, these (form), indeed, the country of the Brahmarshisj(Brahmanical sages, which ranks) immediately after Brahmavarta.
- 2.20
एतद्देशप्रसूतस्य सकाशादग्रजन्मनः ।स्वं स्वं चरित्रं शिक्षेरन्पृथिव्यां सर्वमानवाः
etaddeśaprasūtasya sakāśādagrajanmanaḥ |svaṃ svaṃ caritraṃ śikṣeranpṛthivyāṃ sarvamānavāḥ
From a Brahma^a, born in that country, let all men on earth learn their several usages.
- 2.21
हिमवद्विन्ध्ययोर्मध्यं यत्प्राग्विनशनादपि ।प्रत्यगेव प्रयागाच्च मध्यदेशः प्रकीर्तितः
himavadvindhyayormadhyaṃ yatprāgvinaśanādapi |pratyageva prayāgācca madhyadeśaḥ prakīrtitaḥ
That (country) which (lies) between the Hi- mavat and the Vindhya (mountains) to the east of Prayaga and to the west of Vinasana (the place where the river Sarasvati disappears) is called Madhyade^a
- 2.22
आ समुद्रात्तु वै पूर्वादा समुद्राच्च पश्चिमात् ।तयोरेवान्तरं गिर्योरार्यावर्तं विदुर्बुधाः
ā samudrāttu vai pūrvādā samudrācca paścimāt |tayorevāntaraṃ giryorāryāvartaṃ vidurbudhāḥ
But (the tract) between those two mountains (just mentioned), which (extends) as far as the eastern and the western oceans, the wise call Aryavarta (the country of the Aryans).
- 2.23
कृष्णसारस्तु चरति मृगो यत्र स्वभावतः ।स ज्ञेयो यज्ञियो देशो म्लेच्छदेशस्त्वतः परः
kṛṣṇasārastu carati mṛgo yatra svabhāvataḥ |sa jñeyo yajñiyo deśo mlecchadeśastvataḥ paraḥ
That land where the black antelope naturally roams, one must know to be fit for the performance of sacrifices ; (the tract) different from that (is) the country of the_311e£4&as~ (barbarians) .
- 2.24
एताण् द्विजातयो देशान्संश्रयेरन्प्रयत्नतः ।शूद्रस्तु यस्मिन्कस्मिन्वा निवसेद्वृत्तिकर्शितः
etāṇ dvijātayo deśānsaṃśrayeranprayatnataḥ |śūdrastu yasminkasminvā nivasedvṛttikarśitaḥ
Let twice-born men seek to dwell in those (above-mentioned countries) ; but a .Sudra, distressed for subsistence, may reside anywhere.
- 2.25
एषा धर्मस्य वो योनिः समासेन प्रकीर्तिता ।संभवश्चास्य सर्वस्य वर्णधर्मान्निबोधत
eṣā dharmasya vo yoniḥ samāsena prakīrtitā |saṃbhavaścāsya sarvasya varṇadharmānnibodhata
Thus has the origin of the sacred law been succinctly described to you and the origin of this universe; learn (now) the duties of the castes (vama).
- 2.26
वैदिकैः कर्मभिः पुण्यैर्निषेकादिर्द्विजन्मनाम् ।कार्यः शरीरसंस्कारः पावनः प्रेत्य चेह च
vaidikaiḥ karmabhiḥ puṇyairniṣekādirdvijanmanām |kāryaḥ śarīrasaṃskāraḥ pāvanaḥ pretya ceha ca
With holy rites, prescribed by the Veda, must the ceremony on conception and other sacraments be performed for twice-born men, which sanctify the body and purify (from sin) in this (life) and after
- 2.27
गार्भैर्होमैर्जातकर्म चौडमौञ्जीनिबन्धनैः ।बैजिकं गार्भिकं चैनो द्विजानां अपमृज्यते
gārbhairhomairjātakarma cauḍamauñjīnibandhanaiḥ |baijikaṃ gārbhikaṃ caino dvijānāṃ apamṛjyate
By burnt oblations during (the mother's) pregnancy, by the (Satakarman (the ceremony after birth), the Aauafa (tonsure), and the Mau/^ibandhana (the tying of the sacred girdle of Mu^a grass) is
- 2.28
स्वाध्यायेन व्रतैर्होमैस्त्रैविद्येनेज्यया सुतैः ।महायज्ञैश्च यज्ञैश्च ब्राह्मीयं क्रियते तनुः
svādhyāyena vratairhomaistraividyenejyayā sutaiḥ |mahāyajñaiśca yajñaiśca brāhmīyaṃ kriyate tanuḥ
By the study of the Veda, by vows, by burnt oblations, by (the recitation of) sacred texts, by the (acquisition of the) threefold sacred science, by offering (to the gods, 7^'shis, and manes), by (the
- 2.29
प्राङ्नाभिवर्धनात्पुंसो जातकर्म विधीयते ।मन्त्रवत्प्राशनं चास्य हिरण्यमधुसर्पिषाम्
prāṅnābhivardhanātpuṃso jātakarma vidhīyate |mantravatprāśanaṃ cāsya hiraṇyamadhusarpiṣām
Before the navel-string is cut, the Catakarman (birth-rite) must be performed for a male (child) ; and while sacred formulas are being recited, he must be fed with gold, honey, and butter.
- 2.30
नामधेयं दशम्यां तु द्वादश्यां वास्य कारयेत् ।पुण्ये तिथौ मुहूर्ते वा नक्षत्रे वा गुणान्विते
nāmadheyaṃ daśamyāṃ tu dvādaśyāṃ vāsya kārayet |puṇye tithau muhūrte vā nakṣatre vā guṇānvite
But let (the father perform or) cause to be performed the Namadheya (the rite of naming the child), on the tenth or twelfth (day after birth), or on a lucky lunar day, in a lucky muhurta, under an
- 2.31
मङ्गल्यं ब्राह्मणस्य स्यात्क्षत्रियस्य बलान्वितम् ।वैश्यस्य धनसंयुक्तं शूद्रस्य तु जुगुप्सितम्
maṅgalyaṃ brāhmaṇasya syātkṣatriyasya balānvitam |vaiśyasya dhanasaṃyuktaṃ śūdrasya tu jugupsitam
Let (the first part of) a Brahma/za's name * (denote something) auspicious, a Kshatriya's be con- nected with power, and a Vaisya's with wealth, but a 6udra's (express something) contemptible. y
- 2.32
शर्मवद्ब्राह्मणस्य स्याद्राज्ञो रक्षासमन्वितम् ।वैश्यस्य पुष्टिसंयुक्तं शूद्रस्य प्रेष्यसंयुतम्
śarmavadbrāhmaṇasya syādrājño rakṣāsamanvitam |vaiśyasya puṣṭisaṃyuktaṃ śūdrasya preṣyasaṃyutam
(The second part of) a Brahma^a's (name) shall be (a word) implying happiness, of a Ksha- triya's (a word) implying protection, of a VaLsya's (a term) expressive of thriving, and of a .Sudra's
- 2.33
स्त्रीणां सुखोद्यं अक्रूरं विस्पष्टार्थं मनोहरम् ।मङ्गल्यं दीर्घवर्णान्तं आशीर्वादाभिधानवत्
strīṇāṃ sukhodyaṃ akrūraṃ vispaṣṭārthaṃ manoharam |maṅgalyaṃ dīrghavarṇāntaṃ āśīrvādābhidhānavat
Medh. irreverently, but pertinently, remarks that there is no D 2 II, 34- /
- 2.34
चतुर्थे मासि कर्तव्यं शिशोर्निष्क्रमणं गृहात् ।षष्ठेऽन्नप्राशनं मासि यद्वेष्टं मङ्गलं कुले
caturthe māsi kartavyaṃ śiśorniṣkramaṇaṃ gṛhāt |ṣaṣṭhe'nnaprāśanaṃ māsi yadveṣṭaṃ maṅgalaṃ kule
In the fourth month the Nishkrama/za (the first leaving of the house) of the child should be performed, in the sixth month the Annapra^ana (first feeding with rice), and optionally (any other)
- 2.35
चूडाकर्म द्विजातीनां सर्वेषां एव धर्मतः ।प्रथमेऽब्दे तृतीये वा कर्तव्यं श्रुतिचोदनात्
cūḍākarma dvijātīnāṃ sarveṣāṃ eva dharmataḥ |prathame'bde tṛtīye vā kartavyaṃ śruticodanāt
According to the teaching of the revealed texts, the A"iWakarman (tonsure) must be performed, for the sake of spiritual merit, by all twice-born men in the first or third year.
- 2.36
गर्भाष्टमेऽब्दे कुर्वीत ब्राह्मणस्योपनायनम् ।गर्भादेकादशे राज्ञो गर्भात्तु द्वादशे विशः
garbhāṣṭame'bde kurvīta brāhmaṇasyopanāyanam |garbhādekādaśe rājño garbhāttu dvādaśe viśaḥ
In the eighth year after conception, one should perform the initiation (upanayana) of a Brahma/za, in the eleventh after conception (that) of a Kshatriya, but in the twelfth that of a Vaiiya.
- 2.37
ब्रह्मवर्चसकामस्य कार्यो विप्रस्य पञ्चमे ।राज्ञो बलार्थिनः षष्ठे वैश्यस्येहार्थिनोऽष्टमे
brahmavarcasakāmasya kāryo viprasya pañcame |rājño balārthinaḥ ṣaṣṭhe vaiśyasyehārthino'ṣṭame
As the commentators point out, the person who has the par- ticular wish is not the boy, but his father. 38-40. Ap. I, 1, 22-2, 10; Gaut. XXI, 11; Vas. XI, 74-79; IT, 42. SACRAMENTS; INITIATION. 37
- 2.38
आ षोदशाद्ब्राह्मणस्य सावित्री नातिवर्तते ।आ द्वाविंशात्क्षत्रबन्धोरा चतुर्विंशतेर्विशः
ā ṣodaśādbrāhmaṇasya sāvitrī nātivartate |ā dvāviṃśātkṣatrabandhorā caturviṃśaterviśaḥ
The (time for the) Savitri (initiation) of a difference between ' auspiciousness' (mahgala) and 'benediction' (anrvada), and that the latter word has been added merely in order to complete the verse.
- 2.39
अत ऊर्ध्वं त्रयोऽप्येते यथाकालं असंस्कृताः ।सावित्रीपतिता व्रात्या भवन्त्यार्यविगर्हिताः
ata ūrdhvaṃ trayo'pyete yathākālaṃ asaṃskṛtāḥ |sāvitrīpatitā vrātyā bhavantyāryavigarhitāḥ
After those (periods men of) these three (castes) who have not received the sacrament at the proper time, become Vratyas (outcasts), excluded from the Savitri (initiation) and despised by the
- 2.40
नैतैरपूतैर्विधिवदापद्यपि हि कर्हि चित् ।ब्राह्मान्यौनांश्च संबन्धान्नाचरेद्ब्राह्मणः सह
naitairapūtairvidhivadāpadyapi hi karhi cit |brāhmānyaunāṃśca saṃbandhānnācaredbrāhmaṇaḥ saha
With such men, if they have not been purified according to the rule, let no Brahma^a ever, even in times of distress, form a connexion either through the Veda or by marriage.
- 2.41
कार्ष्णरौरवबास्तानि चर्माणि ब्रह्मचारिणः ।वसीरन्नानुपूर्व्येण शाणक्षौमाविकानि च
kārṣṇarauravabāstāni carmāṇi brahmacāriṇaḥ |vasīrannānupūrvyeṇa śāṇakṣaumāvikāni ca
Let students, according to the order (of their castes), wear (as upper dresses) the skins of black antelopes, spotted deer, and he-goats, and (lower garments) made of hemp, flax or wool.
- 2.42
मौञ्जी त्रिवृत्समा श्लक्ष्णा कार्या विप्रस्य मेखला ।क्षत्रियस्य तु मौर्वी ज्या वैश्यस्य शणतान्तवी
mauñjī trivṛtsamā ślakṣṇā kāryā viprasya mekhalā |kṣatriyasya tu maurvī jyā vaiśyasya śaṇatāntavī
The girdle of a Brahma^a shall consist of a triple cord of Munga, grass, smooth and soft ; (that) of a Kshatriya, of a bowstring, made of Murva fibres ; (that) of a Vaisya, of hempen threads.
- 2.43
मुञ्जालाभे तु कर्तव्याः कुशाश्मन्तकबल्वजैः ।त्रिवृता ग्रन्थिनैकेन त्रिभिः पञ्चभिरेव वा
muñjālābhe tu kartavyāḥ kuśāśmantakabalvajaiḥ |trivṛtā granthinaikena tribhiḥ pañcabhireva vā
If Mu»/a grass (and so forth) be not pro- curable, (the girdles) may be made of Kara, Asman- taka, and Balba^a (fibres), with a single threefold knot, or with three or five (knots according to the
- 2.44
कार्पासं उपवीतं स्याद्विप्रस्योर्ध्ववृतं त्रिवृत् ।शणसूत्रमयं राज्ञो वैश्यस्याविकसौत्रिकम्
kārpāsaṃ upavītaṃ syādviprasyordhvavṛtaṃ trivṛt |śaṇasūtramayaṃ rājño vaiśyasyāvikasautrikam
The sacrificial string of a Brahma/za shall be made of cotton, (shall be) twisted to the right, (and con- sist) of three threads, that of a Kshatriya of hempen threads, (and) that of a Vai^ya of woollen threads.
- 2.45
ब्राह्मणो बैल्वपालाशौ क्षत्रियो वाटखादिरौ ।पैलवाउदुम्बरौ वैश्यो दण्डानर्हन्ति धर्मतः
brāhmaṇo bailvapālāśau kṣatriyo vāṭakhādirau |pailavāudumbarau vaiśyo daṇḍānarhanti dharmataḥ
A Brahma;za shall (carry), according to the sacred law, a staff of Bilva or Palasa ; a Kshatriya, of Va/a or Khadira; (and) a VaL?ya, of Pilu or Udumbara.
- 2.46
केशान्तिको ब्राह्मणस्य दण्डः कार्यः प्रमाणतः ।ललाटसम्मितो राज्ञः स्यात्तु नासान्तिको विशः
keśāntiko brāhmaṇasya daṇḍaḥ kāryaḥ pramāṇataḥ |lalāṭasammito rājñaḥ syāttu nāsāntiko viśaḥ
The staff of a Brahma/za shall be made of such length as to reach the end of his hair ; that of a Kshatriya, to reach his forehead ; (and) that of a VaLsya, to reach (the tip of his) nose.
- 2.47
ऋजवस्ते तु सर्वे स्युरव्रणाः सौम्यदर्शनाः ।अनुद्वेगकरा नॄणां सत्वचोऽनग्निदूषिताः
ṛjavaste tu sarve syuravraṇāḥ saumyadarśanāḥ |anudvegakarā nṝṇāṃ satvaco'nagnidūṣitāḥ
Let all the staves be straight, without a blemish, handsome to look at, not likely to terrify men, with their bark perfect, unhurt by fire.
- 2.48
प्रतिगृह्येप्सितं दण्डं उपस्थाय च भास्करम् ।प्रदक्षिणं परीत्याग्निं चरेद्भैक्षं यथाविधि
pratigṛhyepsitaṃ daṇḍaṃ upasthāya ca bhāskaram |pradakṣiṇaṃ parītyāgniṃ caredbhaikṣaṃ yathāvidhi
Having taken a staff according to his choice, having worshipped the sun and walked round the
- 2.49
भवत्पूर्वं चरेद्भैक्षं उपनीतो द्विजोत्तमः ।भवन्मध्यं तु राजन्यो वैश्यस्तु भवदुत्तरम्
bhavatpūrvaṃ caredbhaikṣaṃ upanīto dvijottamaḥ |bhavanmadhyaṃ tu rājanyo vaiśyastu bhavaduttaram
An initiated Brahma^a should beg, beginning (his request with the word) lady (bhavati) ; a Ksha- triya, placing (the word) lady in the middle, but a VaLrya, placing it at the end (of the formula).
- 2.50
मातरं वा स्वसारं वा मातुर्वा भगिनीं निजाम् ।भिक्षेत भिक्षां प्रथमं या चैनं नावमानयेत्
mātaraṃ vā svasāraṃ vā māturvā bhaginīṃ nijām |bhikṣeta bhikṣāṃ prathamaṃ yā cainaṃ nāvamānayet
Let him first beg food of his mother, or of his sister, or of his own maternal aunt, or of (some other) female who will not disgrace him (by a refusal).
- 2.51
समाहृत्य तु तद्भैक्षं यावदन्नं अमायया ।निवेद्य गुरवेऽश्नीयादाचम्य प्राङ्मुखः शुचिः
samāhṛtya tu tadbhaikṣaṃ yāvadannaṃ amāyayā |nivedya gurave'śnīyādācamya prāṅmukhaḥ śuciḥ
Having collected as much food as is required (from several persons), and having announced it without guile to his teacher, let him eat, turning his face towards the east, and having purified himself
- 2.52
आयुष्यं प्राङ्मुखो भुङ्क्ते यशस्यं दक्षिणामुखः ।श्रियं प्रत्यङ्मुखो भुङ्क्ते ऋतं भुङ्क्ते ह्युदङ्मुखः
āyuṣyaṃ prāṅmukho bhuṅkte yaśasyaṃ dakṣiṇāmukhaḥ |śriyaṃ pratyaṅmukho bhuṅkte ṛtaṃ bhuṅkte hyudaṅmukhaḥ
(His meal will procure) long life, if he eats facing the east ; fame, if he turns to the south ; prosperity, if he turns to the west ; truthfulness, if he faces the east.
- 2.53
उपस्पृश्य द्विजो नित्यं अन्नं अद्यात्समाहितः ।भुक्त्वा चोपस्पृशेत्सम्यगद्भिः खानि च संस्पृशेत्
upaspṛśya dvijo nityaṃ annaṃ adyātsamāhitaḥ |bhuktvā copaspṛśetsamyagadbhiḥ khāni ca saṃspṛśet
Let a twice-born man always eat his food with concentrated mind, after performing an ablu- tion ; and after he has eaten, let him duly cleanse himself with water and sprinkle the cavities (of his
- 2.54
पूजयेदशनं नित्यं अद्याच्चैतदकुत्सयन् ।दृष्ट्वा हृष्येत्प्रसीदेच्च प्रतिनन्देच्च सर्वशः
pūjayedaśanaṃ nityaṃ adyāccaitadakutsayan |dṛṣṭvā hṛṣyetprasīdecca pratinandecca sarvaśaḥ
Let him always worship his food, and eat it without contempt ; when he sees it, let him rejoice, r> 2-3; 3> Il'f Gaut. IX, 59; Vas. Ill, 69; XII, 18-20; Baudh.. II, 5, 18, 21-6, 2; 13, 12; Vi. LVIII, 34-35, 40-44J Ya^w. I, 27,
- 2.55
पूजितं ह्यशनं नित्यं बलं ऊर्जं च यच्छति ।अपूजितं तु तद्भुक्तं उभयं नाशयेदिदम्
pūjitaṃ hyaśanaṃ nityaṃ balaṃ ūrjaṃ ca yacchati |apūjitaṃ tu tadbhuktaṃ ubhayaṃ nāśayedidam
Food, that is always worshipped, gives strength and manly vigour ; but eaten irreverently, it destroys them both.
- 2.56
नोच्छिष्टं कस्य चिद्दद्यान्नाद्यादेतत्तथान्तरा ।न चैवात्यशनं कुर्यान्न चोच्छिष्टः क्व चिद्व्रजेत्
nocchiṣṭaṃ kasya ciddadyānnādyādetattathāntarā |na caivātyaśanaṃ kuryānna cocchiṣṭaḥ kva cidvrajet
Let him not give to any man what he leaves, and beware of eating between (the two meal-times) ; let him not over-eat himself, nor go anywhere with- out having purified himself (after his meal).
- 2.57
अनारोग्यं अनायुष्यं अस्वर्ग्यं चातिभोजनम् ।अपुण्यं लोकविद्विष्टं तस्मात्तत्परिवर्जयेत्
anārogyaṃ anāyuṣyaṃ asvargyaṃ cātibhojanam |apuṇyaṃ lokavidviṣṭaṃ tasmāttatparivarjayet
Excessive eating is prejudicial to health, to fame, and to (bliss in) heaven ; it prevents (the acquisition of) spiritual merit, and is odious among men ; one ought, for these reasons, to avoid it
- 2.58
ब्राह्मेण विप्रस्तीर्थेन नित्यकालं उपस्पृशेत् ।कायत्रैदशिकाभ्यां वा न पित्र्येण कदा चन
brāhmeṇa viprastīrthena nityakālaṃ upaspṛśet |kāyatraidaśikābhyāṃ vā na pitryeṇa kadā cana
Let a Brahma/za always sip water out of the part of the hand (tirtha) sacred to Brahman, or out of that sacred to Ka (Pra^apati), or out of (that) sacred to the gods, never out of that sacred to the
- 2.59
अङ्गुष्ठमूलस्य तले ब्राह्मं तीर्थं प्रचक्षते ।कायं अङ्गुलिमूलेऽग्रे देवं पित्र्यं तयोरधः
aṅguṣṭhamūlasya tale brāhmaṃ tīrthaṃ pracakṣate |kāyaṃ aṅgulimūle'gre devaṃ pitryaṃ tayoradhaḥ
They call (the part) at the root of the thumb the tirtha sacred to Brahman, that at the root of the 55- Ur^am, 'manly vigour' (Gov., Kull.), or 'energy' (Nar., Nand.), or 'bulk' (Medh.).
- 2.60
त्रिराचामेदपः पूर्वं द्विः प्रमृज्यात्ततो मुखम् ।खानि चैव स्पृशेदद्भिरात्मानं शिर एव च
trirācāmedapaḥ pūrvaṃ dviḥ pramṛjyāttato mukham |khāni caiva spṛśedadbhirātmānaṃ śira eva ca
Let him first sip water thrice ; next twice wipe his mouth ; and, lastly, touch with water the cavities (of the head), (the seat of) the soul and the head.
- 2.61
अनुष्णाभिरफेनाभिरद्भिस्तीर्थेन धर्मवित् ।शौचेप्सुः सर्वदाचामेदेकान्ते प्रागुदङ्मुखः
anuṣṇābhiraphenābhiradbhistīrthena dharmavit |śaucepsuḥ sarvadācāmedekānte prāgudaṅmukhaḥ
He who knows the sacred law and seeks purity shall always perform the rite of sipping with water neither hot nor frothy, with the (pre- scribed) tirtha, in a lonely place, and turning to
- 2.62
हृद्गाभिः पूयते विप्रः कण्ठगाभिस्तु भूमिपः ।वैश्योऽद्भिः प्राशिताभिस्तु शूद्रः स्पृष्टाभिरन्ततः
hṛdgābhiḥ pūyate vipraḥ kaṇṭhagābhistu bhūmipaḥ |vaiśyo'dbhiḥ prāśitābhistu śūdraḥ spṛṣṭābhirantataḥ
A Brahma;za is purified by water that reaches his heart, a Kshatriya by water reaching his throat, a VaLsya by water taken into his mouth, (and) a .5udra by water touched with the extremity (of his
- 2.63
उद्धृते दक्षिने पाणावुपवीत्युच्यते द्विजः ।सव्ये प्राचीनावीती निवीती कण्ठसज्जने
uddhṛte dakṣine pāṇāvupavītyucyate dvijaḥ |savye prācīnāvītī nivītī kaṇṭhasajjane
A twice-born man is called upavitin when his right arm is raised (and the sacrificial string or the dress, passed under it, rests on the left shoulder) ; (when his) left (arm) is raised (and the string, or the
- 2.64
मेखलां अजिनं दण्डं उपवीतं कमण्डलुम् ।अप्सु प्रास्य विनष्टानि गृह्णीतान्यानि मन्त्रवत्
mekhalāṃ ajinaṃ daṇḍaṃ upavītaṃ kamaṇḍalum |apsu prāsya vinaṣṭāni gṛhṇītānyāni mantravat
His girdle, the skin (which serves as his upper garment), his staff, his sacrificial thread, (and) his water-pot he must throw into water, when they have been damaged, and take others, reciting
- 2.65
केशान्तः षोडशे वर्षे ब्राह्मणस्य विधीयते ।राजन्यबन्धोर्द्वाविंशे वैश्यस्य द्व्यधिके मतः
keśāntaḥ ṣoḍaśe varṣe brāhmaṇasya vidhīyate |rājanyabandhordvāviṃśe vaiśyasya dvyadhike mataḥ
(The ceremony called) Keranta (clipping the hair) is ordained for a Brahma^a in the sixteenth year (from conception) ; for a Kshatriya, in the twenty-second ; and for a Vai^ya, two (years) later
- 2.66
अमन्त्रिका तु कार्येयं स्त्रीणां आवृदशेषतः ।संस्कारार्थं शरीरस्य यथाकालं यथाक्रमम्
amantrikā tu kāryeyaṃ strīṇāṃ āvṛdaśeṣataḥ |saṃskārārthaṃ śarīrasya yathākālaṃ yathākramam
This whole series (of ceremonies) must be performed for females (also), in order to sanctify the body, at the proper time and in the proper order, but without (the recitation of) sacred
- 2.67
वैवाहिको विधिः स्त्रीणां संस्कारो वैदिकः स्मृतः ।पतिसेवा गुरौ वासो गृहार्थोऽग्निपरिक्रिया
vaivāhiko vidhiḥ strīṇāṃ saṃskāro vaidikaḥ smṛtaḥ |patisevā gurau vāso gṛhārtho'gniparikriyā
- 2.68
एष प्रोक्तो द्विजातीनां औपनायनिको विधिः ।उत्पत्तिव्यञ्जकः पुण्यः कर्मयोगं निबोधत
eṣa prokto dvijātīnāṃ aupanāyaniko vidhiḥ |utpattivyañjakaḥ puṇyaḥ karmayogaṃ nibodhata
Thus has been described the rule for the initiation of the twice-born, which indicates a (new) birth, and sanctifies ; learn (now) to what duties they must afterwards apply themselves.
- 2.69
उपनीय गुरुः शिष्यं शिक्षयेच्छौचं आदितः ।आचारं अग्निकार्यं च संध्योपासनं एव च
upanīya guruḥ śiṣyaṃ śikṣayecchaucaṃ āditaḥ |ācāraṃ agnikāryaṃ ca saṃdhyopāsanaṃ eva ca
Having performed the (rite of) initiation, the teacher must first instruct the (pupil) in (the rules of) personal purification, of conduct, of the fire-worship, and of the twilight devotions.
- 2.70
अध्येष्यमाणस्त्वाचान्तो यथाशास्त्रं उदङ्मुखः ।ब्रह्माञ्जलिकृतोऽध्याप्यो लघुवासा जितेन्द्रियः
adhyeṣyamāṇastvācānto yathāśāstraṃ udaṅmukhaḥ |brahmāñjalikṛto'dhyāpyo laghuvāsā jitendriyaḥ
But (a student) who is about to begin the study (of the Veda), shall receive instruction, after he has sipped water in accordance with the Insti- tutes (of the sacred law), has made the Brahma^fali,
- 2.71
ब्रह्मारम्भेऽवसाने च पादौ ग्राह्यौ गुरोः सदा ।संहत्य हस्तावध्येयं स हि ब्रह्माञ्जलिः स्मृतः
brahmārambhe'vasāne ca pādau grāhyau guroḥ sadā |saṃhatya hastāvadhyeyaṃ sa hi brahmāñjaliḥ smṛtaḥ
At the beginning and at the end of (a lesson in the) Veda he must always clasp both the feet of his teacher, (and) he must study, joining his hands ; that is called the Brahma^ali (joining the palms for
- 2.72
व्यत्यस्तपाणिना कार्यं उपसंग्रहणं गुरोः ।सव्येन सव्यः स्प्रष्टव्यो दक्षिणेन च दक्षिणः
vyatyastapāṇinā kāryaṃ upasaṃgrahaṇaṃ guroḥ |savyena savyaḥ spraṣṭavyo dakṣiṇena ca dakṣiṇaḥ
With crossed hands he must clasp (the feet) of the teacher, and touch the left (foot) with his left (hand), the right (foot) with his right (hand).
- 2.73
अध्येष्यमाणं तु गुरुर्नित्यकालं अतन्द्रितः ।अधीष्व भो इति ब्रूयाद्विरामोऽस्त्विति चारमेत्
adhyeṣyamāṇaṃ tu gururnityakālaṃ atandritaḥ |adhīṣva bho iti brūyādvirāmo'stviti cāramet
But to him who is about to begin studying, the teacher, always unwearied, must say: Ho, recite ! He shall leave off (when the teacher says) : Let a stoppage take place !
- 2.74
ब्रह्मनः प्रणवं कुर्यादादावन्ते च सर्वदा ।स्रवत्यनोंकृतं पूर्वं परस्ताच्च विशीर्यति
brahmanaḥ praṇavaṃ kuryādādāvante ca sarvadā |sravatyanoṃkṛtaṃ pūrvaṃ parastācca viśīryati
Let him always pronounce the syllable Om at the beginning and at the end of (a lesson in) the Veda ; (for) unless the syllable Om precede (the lesson) will slip away (from him), and unless it follow
- 2.75
प्राक्कूलान्पर्युपासीनः पवित्रैश्चैव पावितः ।प्राणायामैस्त्रिभिः पूतस्तत ओंकारं अर्हति
prākkūlānparyupāsīnaḥ pavitraiścaiva pāvitaḥ |prāṇāyāmaistribhiḥ pūtastata oṃkāraṃ arhati
Seated on (blades of Kusa grass) with their points to the east, purified by Pavitras (blades of Kusa grass), and sanctified by three suppressions of the breath (Pra^ayama), he is worthy (to pronounce)
- 2.76
अकारं चाप्युकारं च मकारं च प्रजापतिः ।वेदत्रयान्निरदुहद्भूर्भुवः स्वरितीति च
akāraṃ cāpyukāraṃ ca makāraṃ ca prajāpatiḥ |vedatrayānniraduhadbhūrbhuvaḥ svaritīti ca
Pra^apati (the lord of creatures) milked out (as it were) from the three Vedas the sounds A, U, and M, and (the Vyahmis) BhM, Bhuva^, Sva^. yy. Moreover from the three Vedas Pra^apati,
- 2.77
त्रिभ्य एव तु वेदेभ्यः पादं पादं अदूदुहत् ।तदित्यृचोऽस्याः सावित्र्याः परमेष्ठी प्रजापतिः
tribhya eva tu vedebhyaḥ pādaṃ pādaṃ adūduhat |tadityṛco'syāḥ sāvitryāḥ parameṣṭhī prajāpatiḥ
Vi. LV, 1 1. The Savitn, i.e. the verse tat savitur varewyam, , Rig-veda III, 62, 10.
- 2.78
एतदक्षरं एतां च जपन्व्याहृतिपूर्विकाम् ।संध्ययोर्वेदविद्विप्रो वेदपुण्येन युज्यते
etadakṣaraṃ etāṃ ca japanvyāhṛtipūrvikām |saṃdhyayorvedavidvipro vedapuṇyena yujyate
Vi. LV, 12; Baudh. II, 11, 6.
- 2.79
सहस्रकृत्वस्त्वभ्यस्य बहिरेतत्त्रिकं द्विजः ।महतोऽप्येनसो मासात्त्वचेवाहिर्विमुच्यते
sahasrakṛtvastvabhyasya bahiretattrikaṃ dvijaḥ |mahato'pyenaso māsāttvacevāhirvimucyate
A twice-born man who (daily) repeats those three one thousand times outside (the village), will be freed after a month even from great guilt, as a snake from its slough.
- 2.80
एतया र्चा विसंयुक्तः काले च क्रियया स्वया ।ब्रह्मक्षत्रियविश्योनिर्गर्हणां याति साधुषु
etayā rcā visaṃyuktaḥ kāle ca kriyayā svayā |brahmakṣatriyaviśyonirgarhaṇāṃ yāti sādhuṣu
The Brahma;za, the Kshatriya, and the Vaijya who neglect (the recitation of) that 7^'k-verse and the and that one speaks also of the vLraraTza, i.e. the spoiling of boiled milk.
- 2.81
ओंकारपूर्विकास्तिस्रो महाव्याहृतयोऽव्ययाः ।त्रिपदा चैव सावित्री विज्ञेयं ब्रह्मणो मुखम्
oṃkārapūrvikāstisro mahāvyāhṛtayo'vyayāḥ |tripadā caiva sāvitrī vijñeyaṃ brahmaṇo mukham
Know that the three imperishable Mahavya- hrztis, preceded by the syllable Om, and (followed) by the three-footed Savitri are the portal of the Veda and the gate leading (to union with) Brahman.
- 2.82
योऽधीतेऽहन्यहन्येतां त्रीणि वर्षाण्यतन्द्रितः ।स ब्रह्म परं अभ्येति वायुभूतः खमूर्तिमान्
yo'dhīte'hanyahanyetāṃ trīṇi varṣāṇyatandritaḥ |sa brahma paraṃ abhyeti vāyubhūtaḥ khamūrtimān
He who daily recites that (verse), untired, during three years, will enter (after death) the high- est Brahman, move as free as air, and assume an ethereal form.
- 2.83
एकाक्षरं परं ब्रह्म प्राणायामः परं तपः ।सावित्र्यास्तु परं नास्ति मौनात्सत्यं विशिष्यते
ekākṣaraṃ paraṃ brahma prāṇāyāmaḥ paraṃ tapaḥ |sāvitryāstu paraṃ nāsti maunātsatyaṃ viśiṣyate
The monosyllable (Om) is the highest Brah- man, (three) suppressions of the breath are the best (form of) austerity, but nothing surpasses the Savitri; truthfulness is better than silence.
- 2.84
क्षरन्ति सर्वा वैदिक्यो जुहोतियजतिक्रियाः ।अक्षरं दुष्करं ज्ञेयं ब्रह्म चैव प्रजापतिः
kṣaranti sarvā vaidikyo juhotiyajatikriyāḥ |akṣaraṃ duṣkaraṃ jñeyaṃ brahma caiva prajāpatiḥ
All rites ordained in the Veda, burnt oblations and (other) sacrifices, pass away; but know that the syllable (Om) is imperishable, and (it is) Brahman, (and) the Lord of creatures (Pra^apati).
- 2.85
विधियज्ञाज्जपयज्ञो विशिष्टो दशभिर्गुणैः ।उपांशुः स्याच्छतगुणः साहस्रो मानसः स्मृतः
vidhiyajñājjapayajño viśiṣṭo daśabhirguṇaiḥ |upāṃśuḥ syācchataguṇaḥ sāhasro mānasaḥ smṛtaḥ
An offering, consisting of muttered prayers, is ten times more efficacious than a sacrifice performed
- 2.86
ये पाकयज्ञास्चत्वारो विधियज्ञसमन्विताः ।सर्वे ते जपयज्ञस्य कलां नार्हन्ति षोडशीम्
ye pākayajñāscatvāro vidhiyajñasamanvitāḥ |sarve te japayajñasya kalāṃ nārhanti ṣoḍaśīm
The four Pakaya^/zas and those sacrifices which are enjoined by the rules (of the Veda) are all together not equal in value to a sixteenth part of the sacrifice consisting of muttered prayers.
- 2.87
जप्येनैव तु संसिध्येद्ब्राह्मणो नात्र संशयः ।कुर्यादन्यन्न वा कुर्यान्मैत्रो ब्राह्मण उच्यते
japyenaiva tu saṃsidhyedbrāhmaṇo nātra saṃśayaḥ |kuryādanyanna vā kuryānmaitro brāhmaṇa ucyate
Vi. LVI, 2 1 ; Vas. XXVI, 1 1 . Maitra^, ' one who befriends (all creatures),' i. e. ' does not offer animal sacrifices/ Ragh. proposes also the interpretation ' he who worships Mitra, the Sun/ Brah- ma«a^, 'a (true) Brahmawa/ i.e. 'one connected with Brahman,'
- 2.88
इन्द्रियाणां विचरतां विषयेष्वपहारिषु ।संयमे यत्नं आतिष्ठेद्विद्वान्यन्तेव वाजिनाम्
indriyāṇāṃ vicaratāṃ viṣayeṣvapahāriṣu |saṃyame yatnaṃ ātiṣṭhedvidvānyanteva vājinām
A wise man should strive to restrain his organs which run wild among alluring sensual objects, like a charioteer his horses.
- 2.89
एकादशेन्द्रियाण्याहुर्यानि पूर्वे मनीषिणः ।तानि सम्यक्प्रवक्ष्यामि यथावदनुपूर्वशः
ekādaśendriyāṇyāhuryāni pūrve manīṣiṇaḥ |tāni samyakpravakṣyāmi yathāvadanupūrvaśaḥ
Those eleven organs which former sages have named, I will properly (and) precisely enumerate in due order,
- 2.90
श्रोत्रं त्वक्चक्षुषी जिह्वा नासिका चैव पञ्चमी ।पायूपस्थं हस्तपादं वाक्चैव दशमी स्मृता
śrotraṃ tvakcakṣuṣī jihvā nāsikā caiva pañcamī |pāyūpasthaṃ hastapādaṃ vākcaiva daśamī smṛtā
(Viz.) the ear, the skin, the eyes, the tongue, and the nose as the fifth, the anus, the organ of gene- ration, hands and feet, and the (organ of) speech, named as the tenth.
- 2.91
बुद्धीन्द्रियाणि पञ्चैषां श्रोत्रादीन्यनुपूर्वशः ।कर्मेन्द्रियाणि पञ्चैषां पाय्वादीनि प्रचक्षते
buddhīndriyāṇi pañcaiṣāṃ śrotrādīnyanupūrvaśaḥ |karmendriyāṇi pañcaiṣāṃ pāyvādīni pracakṣate
Five of them, the ear and the rest according to their order, they call organs of sense, and five of them, the anus and the rest, organs of action.
- 2.92
एकादशं मनो ज्ञेयं स्वगुणेनोभयात्मकम् ।यस्मिन्जिते जितावेतौ भवतः पञ्चकौ गणौ
ekādaśaṃ mano jñeyaṃ svaguṇenobhayātmakam |yasminjite jitāvetau bhavataḥ pañcakau gaṇau
Know that the internal organ (manas) is the eleventh, which by its quality belongs to both (sets) ; when that has been subdued, both those sets of five have been conquered.
- 2.93
इन्द्रियाणां प्रसङ्गेन दोषं ऋच्छत्यसंशयम् ।संनियम्य तु तान्येव ततः सिद्धिं निगच्छति
indriyāṇāṃ prasaṅgena doṣaṃ ṛcchatyasaṃśayam |saṃniyamya tu tānyeva tataḥ siddhiṃ nigacchati
Through the attachment of his organs (to sensual pleasure) a man doubtlessly will incur guilt ; but if he keep them under complete control, he will obtain success (in gaining all his aims).
- 2.94
न जातु कामः कामानां उपभोगेन शाम्यति ।हविषा कृष्णवर्त्मेव भूय एवाभिवर्धते
na jātu kāmaḥ kāmānāṃ upabhogena śāmyati |haviṣā kṛṣṇavartmeva bhūya evābhivardhate
Desire is never extinguished by the enjoyment of desired objects ; it only grows stronger like a fire (fed) with clarified butter.
- 2.95
यश्चैतान्प्राप्नुयात्सर्वान्यश्चैतान्केवलांस्त्यजेत् ।प्रापणात्सर्वकामानां परित्यागो विशिष्यते
yaścaitānprāpnuyātsarvānyaścaitānkevalāṃstyajet |prāpaṇātsarvakāmānāṃ parityāgo viśiṣyate
If one man should obtain all those (sensual enjoyments) and another should renounce them all, the renunciation of all pleasure is far better than the attainment of them.
- 2.96
न तथैतानि शक्यन्ते संनियन्तुं असेवया ।विषयेषु प्रजुष्टानि यथा ज्ञानेन नित्यशः
na tathaitāni śakyante saṃniyantuṃ asevayā |viṣayeṣu prajuṣṭāni yathā jñānena nityaśaḥ
Those (organs) which are strongly attached to sensual pleasures, cannot so effectually be restrained by abstinence (from enjoyments) as by a constant (pursuit of true) knowledge.
- 2.97
वेदास्त्यागश्च यज्ञाश्च नियमाश्च तपांसि च ।न विप्रदुष्टभावस्य सिद्धिं गच्छति कर्हि चित्
vedāstyāgaśca yajñāśca niyamāśca tapāṃsi ca |na vipraduṣṭabhāvasya siddhiṃ gacchati karhi cit
Neither (the study of) the Vedas, nor libera-
- 2.98
श्रुत्वा स्पृष्ट्वा च दृष्ट्वा च भुक्त्वा घ्रात्वा च यो नरः ।न हृष्यति ग्लायति वा स विज्ञेयो जितेन्द्रियः
śrutvā spṛṣṭvā ca dṛṣṭvā ca bhuktvā ghrātvā ca yo naraḥ |na hṛṣyati glāyati vā sa vijñeyo jitendriyaḥ
That man may be considered to have (really) subdued his organs, who on hearing and touching and seeing, on tasting and smelling (anything) nei- ther rejoices nor repines.
- 2.99
इन्द्रियाणां तु सर्वेषां यद्येकं क्षरतीन्द्रियम् ।तेनास्य क्षरति प्रज्ञा दृतेः पादादिवोदकम्
indriyāṇāṃ tu sarveṣāṃ yadyekaṃ kṣaratīndriyam |tenāsya kṣarati prajñā dṛteḥ pādādivodakam
But when one among all the organs slips away (from control), thereby (man's) wisdom slips away from him, even as the water (flows) through the one (open) foot of a (water-carrier's) skin.
- 2.100
वशे कृत्वेन्द्रियग्रामं संयम्य च मनस्तथा ।सर्वान्संसाधयेदर्थानक्षिण्वन्योगतस्तनुम्
vaśe kṛtvendriyagrāmaṃ saṃyamya ca manastathā |sarvānsaṃsādhayedarthānakṣiṇvanyogatastanum
If he keeps all the (ten) organs as well as the mind in subjection, he may gain all his aims, without reducing his body by (the practice) of Yoga. 10 1. Let him stand during the morning twilight,
- 2.101
पूर्वां संध्यां जपंस्तिष्ठेत्सावित्रीं आर्कदर्शनात् ।पश्चिमां तु समासीनः सम्यगृक्षविभावनात्
pūrvāṃ saṃdhyāṃ japaṃstiṣṭhetsāvitrīṃ ārkadarśanāt |paścimāṃ tu samāsīnaḥ samyagṛkṣavibhāvanāt
Ap. I, 30, 8; Gaut. II, 10-11 ; Vas. VII, 16; Baudh. II, 7, Vi. XXVIII, 2-3; Yzgii. I, 24-25.
- 2.102
पूर्वां संध्यां जपंस्तिष्ठन्नैशं एनो व्यपोहति ।पश्चिमां तु समासीनो मलं हन्ति दिवाकृतम्
pūrvāṃ saṃdhyāṃ japaṃstiṣṭhannaiśaṃ eno vyapohati |paścimāṃ tu samāsīno malaṃ hanti divākṛtam
He who stands during the morning twilight muttering (the Savitri), removes the guilt contracted during the (previous) night ; but he who (recites it),
- 2.103
न तिष्ठति तु यः पूर्वां नोपास्ते यश्च पश्चिमाम् ।स शूद्रवद्बहिष्कार्यः सर्वस्माद्द्विजकर्मणः
na tiṣṭhati tu yaḥ pūrvāṃ nopāste yaśca paścimām |sa śūdravadbahiṣkāryaḥ sarvasmāddvijakarmaṇaḥ
But he who does not (worship) standing in the morning, nor sitting in the evening, shall be excluded, just like a .5udra, from all the duties and rights of an Aryan.
- 2.104
अपां समीपे नियतो नैत्यकं विधिं आस्थितः ।सावित्रीं अप्यधीयीत गत्वारण्यं समाहितः
apāṃ samīpe niyato naityakaṃ vidhiṃ āsthitaḥ |sāvitrīṃ apyadhīyīta gatvāraṇyaṃ samāhitaḥ
He who (desires to) perform the ceremony (of the) daily (recitation), may even recite the Savitri near water, retiring into the forest, controlling his organs and concentrating his mind.
- 2.105
वेदोपकरणे चैव स्वाध्याये चैव नैत्यके ।नानुरोधोऽस्त्यनध्याये होममन्त्रेषु चैव हि
vedopakaraṇe caiva svādhyāye caiva naityake |nānurodho'styanadhyāye homamantreṣu caiva hi
Both when (one studies) the supplementary treatises of the Veda, and when (one recites) the daily portion of the Veda, no regard need be paid to for- bidden days, likewise when (one repeats) the sacred
- 2.106
नैत्यके नास्त्यनध्यायो ब्रह्मसत्रं हि तत्स्मृतम् ।ब्रह्माहुतिहुतं पुण्यं अनध्यायवषट्कृतम्
naityake nāstyanadhyāyo brahmasatraṃ hi tatsmṛtam |brahmāhutihutaṃ puṇyaṃ anadhyāyavaṣaṭkṛtam
There are no forbidden days for the daily recitation, since that is declared to be a Brahma- sattra (an everlasting sacrifice offered to Brahman) ; at that the Veda takes the place of the burnt
- 2.107
यः स्वाध्यायं अधीतेऽब्दं विधिना नियतः शुचिः ।तस्य नित्यं क्षरत्येष पयो दधि घृतं मधु
yaḥ svādhyāyaṃ adhīte'bdaṃ vidhinā niyataḥ śuciḥ |tasya nityaṃ kṣaratyeṣa payo dadhi ghṛtaṃ madhu
For him who, being pure and controlling his organs, during a year daily recites the Veda according to the rule, that (daily recitation) will ever cause sweet and sour milk, clarified butter and honey to flow.
- 2.108
अग्नीन्धनं भैक्षचर्यां अधःशय्यां गुरोर्हितम् ।आ समावर्तनात्कुर्यात्कृतोपनयनो द्विजः
agnīndhanaṃ bhaikṣacaryāṃ adhaḥśayyāṃ gurorhitam |ā samāvartanātkuryātkṛtopanayano dvijaḥ
Ap. I, 4, 16, 23, 25, 28, 32; Gaut. II, 8, 30, 35; Vas.VII, 9, 15 ; Vi. XXVIII, 4, 7, 9, 12 ; Baudh. I, 3, 16, 4, 4-8; Ya^ft. I,
- 2.109
आचार्यपुत्रः शुश्रूषुर्ज्ञानदो धार्मिकः शुचिः ।आप्तः शक्तोऽर्थदः साधुः स्वोऽध्याप्या दश धर्मतः
ācāryaputraḥ śuśrūṣurjñānado dhārmikaḥ śuciḥ |āptaḥ śakto'rthadaḥ sādhuḥ svo'dhyāpyā daśa dharmataḥ
According to the sacred law the (following) ten (persons, viz.) the teacher's son, one who desires to do service, one who imparts knowledge, one who is intent on fulfilling the law, one who is pure, a per-
- 2.110
नापृष्टः कस्य चिद्ब्रूयान्न चान्यायेन पृच्छतः ।जानन्नपि हि मेधावी जडवल्लोक आचरेत्
nāpṛṣṭaḥ kasya cidbrūyānna cānyāyena pṛcchataḥ |jānannapi hi medhāvī jaḍavalloka ācaret
- 2.111
अधर्मेण च यः प्राह यश्चाधर्मेण पृच्छति ।तयोरन्यतरः प्रैति विद्वेषं वाधिगच्छति
adharmeṇa ca yaḥ prāha yaścādharmeṇa pṛcchati |tayoranyataraḥ praiti vidveṣaṃ vādhigacchati
- 2.112
धर्मार्थौ यत्र न स्यातां शुश्रूषा वापि तद्विधा ।तत्र विद्या न वप्तव्या शुभं बीजं इवोषरे
dharmārthau yatra na syātāṃ śuśrūṣā vāpi tadvidhā |tatra vidyā na vaptavyā śubhaṃ bījaṃ ivoṣare
Where merit and wealth are not (obtained by teaching) nor (at least) due obedience, in such (soil) sacred knowledge must not be sown, just as good seed (must) not (be thrown) on barren land.
- 2.113
विद्ययैव समं कामं मर्तव्यं ब्रह्मवादिना ।आपद्यपि हि घोरायां न त्वेनां इरिणे वपेत्
vidyayaiva samaṃ kāmaṃ martavyaṃ brahmavādinā |āpadyapi hi ghorāyāṃ na tvenāṃ iriṇe vapet
This verse shows, as Medh. and Gov. point out, that under ordinary circumstances a learned man must teach what he knows. 114-115. Vas. II, 8-10; Vi. XXIX, 9-10; Nirukta II, 4.
- 2.114
विद्या ब्राह्मणं एत्याह शेवधिस्तेऽस्मि रक्ष माम् ।असूयकाय मां मादास्तथा स्यां वीर्यवत्तमा
vidyā brāhmaṇaṃ etyāha śevadhiste'smi rakṣa mām |asūyakāya māṃ mādāstathā syāṃ vīryavattamā
Sacred Learning approached a Brahma/za and said to him : ' I am thy treasure, preserve me, deliver me not to a scorner ; so (preserved) I shall become supremely strong.'
- 2.115
यं एव तु शुचिं विद्यान्नियतब्रह्मचारिणम् ।तस्मै मां ब्रूहि विप्राय निधिपायाप्रमादिने
yaṃ eva tu śuciṃ vidyānniyatabrahmacāriṇam |tasmai māṃ brūhi viprāya nidhipāyāpramādine
'But deliver me, as to the keeper of thy treasure, to a Brahma^a whom thou shalt know to be pure, of subdued senses, chaste and attentive.'
- 2.116
ब्रह्म यस्त्वननुज्ञातं अधीयानादवाप्नुयात् ।स ब्रह्मस्तेयसंयुक्तो नरकं प्रतिपद्यते
brahma yastvananujñātaṃ adhīyānādavāpnuyāt |sa brahmasteyasaṃyukto narakaṃ pratipadyate
But he who acquires without permission the Veda from one who recites it, incurs the guilt of stealing the Veda, and shall sink into hell.
- 2.117
लौकिकं वैदिकं वापि तथाध्यात्मिकं एव वा ।आददीत यतो ज्ञानं तं पूर्वं अभिवादयेत्
laukikaṃ vaidikaṃ vāpi tathādhyātmikaṃ eva vā |ādadīta yato jñānaṃ taṃ pūrvaṃ abhivādayet
(A student) shall first reverentially salute that (teacher) from whom he receives (knowledge), referring to worldly affairs, to the Veda, or to the Brahman.
- 2.118
सावित्रीमात्रसारोऽपि वरं विप्रः सुयन्त्रितः ।नायन्त्रितस्त्रिवेदोऽपि सर्वाशी सर्वविक्रयी
sāvitrīmātrasāro'pi varaṃ vipraḥ suyantritaḥ |nāyantritastrivedo'pi sarvāśī sarvavikrayī
A Brahma^a who completely governs him- self, though he know the Savitri only, is better than he who knows the three Vedas, (but) does not con- trol himself, eats all (sorts of) food, and sells all
- 2.119
शय्यासनेऽध्याचरिते श्रेयसा न समाविशेत् ।शय्यासनस्थश्चैवैनं प्रत्युत्थायाभिवादयेत्
śayyāsane'dhyācarite śreyasā na samāviśet |śayyāsanasthaścaivainaṃ pratyutthāyābhivādayet
One must not sit down on a couch or seat
- 2.120
ऊर्ध्वं प्राणा ह्युत्क्रामन्ति यूनः स्थविर आयति ।प्रत्युत्थानाभिवादाभ्यां पुनस्तान्प्रतिपद्यते
ūrdhvaṃ prāṇā hyutkrāmanti yūnaḥ sthavira āyati |pratyutthānābhivādābhyāṃ punastānpratipadyate
For the vital airs of a young man mount upwards to leave his body when an elder ap- proaches ; but by rising to meet him and saluting he recovers them.
- 2.121
अभिवादनशीलस्य नित्यं वृद्धोपसेविनः ।चत्वारि तस्य वर्धन्ते आयुर्धर्मो यशो बलम्
abhivādanaśīlasya nityaṃ vṛddhopasevinaḥ |catvāri tasya vardhante āyurdharmo yaśo balam
He who habitually salutes and constantly pays reverence to the aged obtains an increase of four (things), (viz.) length of life, knowledge, fame, (and) strength.
- 2.122
अभिवादात्परं विप्रो ज्यायांसं अभिवादयन् ।असौ नामाहं अस्मीति स्वं नाम परिकीर्तयेत्
abhivādātparaṃ vipro jyāyāṃsaṃ abhivādayan |asau nāmāhaṃ asmīti svaṃ nāma parikīrtayet
After the (word of) salutation, a Brahma^a who greets an elder must pronounce his name, say- ing, ■ I am N. N.'
- 2.123
नामधेयस्य ये के चिदभिवादं न जानते ।तान्प्राज्ञोऽहं इति ब्रूयात्स्त्रियः सर्वास्तथैव च
nāmadheyasya ye ke cidabhivādaṃ na jānate |tānprājño'haṃ iti brūyātstriyaḥ sarvāstathaiva ca
To those (persons) who, when a name is pronounced, do not understand (the meaning of) the salutation, a wise man should say, ' It is I ;' and (he should address) in the same manner all women.
- 2.124
भोःशब्दं कीर्तयेदन्ते स्वस्य नाम्नोऽभिवादने ।नाम्नां स्वरूपभावो हि भोभाव ऋषिभिः स्मृतः
bhoḥśabdaṃ kīrtayedante svasya nāmno'bhivādane |nāmnāṃ svarūpabhāvo hi bhobhāva ṛṣibhiḥ smṛtaḥ
In saluting he should pronounce after his name the word bho/£; for the sages have declared that the nature of bho/£ is the same as that of (all proper) names.
- 2.125
आयुष्मान्भव सौम्येति वाच्यो विप्रोऽभिवादने ।अकारश्चास्य नाम्नोऽन्ते वाच्यः पूर्वाक्षरः प्लुतः
āyuṣmānbhava saumyeti vācyo vipro'bhivādane |akāraścāsya nāmno'nte vācyaḥ pūrvākṣaraḥ plutaḥ
A Brahma/za should thus be saluted in re- turn, ' May'st thou be long-lived, O gentle one ! '
- 2.126
यो न वेत्त्यभिवादस्य विप्रः प्रत्यभिवादनम् ।नाभिवाद्यः स विदुषा यथा शूद्रस्तथैव सः
yo na vettyabhivādasya vipraḥ pratyabhivādanam |nābhivādyaḥ sa viduṣā yathā śūdrastathaiva saḥ
A Brahma/za who does not know the form of returning a salutation, must not be saluted by a learned man ; as a 6udra, even so is he.
- 2.127
ब्राह्मणं कुशलं पृच्छेत्क्षत्रबन्धुं अनामयम् ।वैश्यं क्षेमं समागम्य शूद्रं आरोग्यं एव च
brāhmaṇaṃ kuśalaṃ pṛcchetkṣatrabandhuṃ anāmayam |vaiśyaṃ kṣemaṃ samāgamya śūdraṃ ārogyaṃ eva ca
Let him ask a Brahma^a, on meeting him, after (his health, with the word) kui-ala, a Kshatriya (with the word) anamaya, a Vai^ya (with the word) kshema, and a .Sudra (with the word) anarogya.
- 2.128
अवाच्यो दीक्षितो नाम्ना यवीयानपि यो भवेत् ।भोभवत्पूर्वकं त्वेनं अभिभाषेत धर्मवित्
avācyo dīkṣito nāmnā yavīyānapi yo bhavet |bhobhavatpūrvakaṃ tvenaṃ abhibhāṣeta dharmavit
He who has been initiated (to perform a 6rauta sacrifice) must not be addressed by his name, even though he be a younger man ; he who knows Nand. gives, and Nar. mentions as adopted by ' some.' It follows
- 2.129
परपत्नी तु या स्त्री स्यादसंबन्धा च योनितः ।तां ब्रूयाद्भवतीत्येवं सुभगे भगिनीति च
parapatnī tu yā strī syādasaṃbandhā ca yonitaḥ |tāṃ brūyādbhavatītyevaṃ subhage bhaginīti ca
But to a female who is the wife of another man, and not a blood-relation, he must say, ' Lady' (bhavati) or ' Beloved sister ! ' 1 30. To his maternal and paternal uncles, fathers-
- 2.130
मातुलांश्च पितृव्यांश्च श्वशुरानृत्विजो गुरून् ।असावहं इति ब्रूयात्प्रत्युत्थाय यवीयसः
mātulāṃśca pitṛvyāṃśca śvaśurānṛtvijo gurūn |asāvahaṃ iti brūyātpratyutthāya yavīyasaḥ
Ap. I, 14, 11 ; Gaut. VI, 9; Vas. XIII, 41 ; Baudh. I, 4, 45 ; Vi. XXXII, 4. Gurun, ' (other) venerable persons, i. e. those venerable on account of their learning and austerities' (Kull., Ragh.), or ' his betters, because they are richer and so forth, e. g. the son of
- 2.131
मातृश्वसा मातुलानी श्वश्रूरथ पितृश्वसा ।संपूज्या गुरुपत्नीवत्समास्ता गुरुभार्यया
mātṛśvasā mātulānī śvaśrūratha pitṛśvasā |saṃpūjyā gurupatnīvatsamāstā gurubhāryayā
A maternal aunt, the wife of a maternal uncle, a mother-in-law, and a paternal aunt must be honoured like the wife of one's teacher; they are equal to the wife of one's teacher.
- 2.132
भ्रातुर्भार्योपसंग्राह्या सवर्णाहन्यहन्यपि ।विप्रोष्य तूपसंग्राह्या ज्ञातिसंबन्धियोषितः
bhrāturbhāryopasaṃgrāhyā savarṇāhanyahanyapi |viproṣya tūpasaṃgrāhyā jñātisaṃbandhiyoṣitaḥ
(The feet of the) wife of one's brother, if she be of the same caste (var/za), must be clasped every day; but (the feet of) wives of (other) paternal and maternal relatives need only be embraced on one's
- 2.133
पितुर्भगिन्यां मातुश्च ज्यायस्यां च स्वसर्यपि ।मातृवद्वृत्तिं आतिष्ठेन्माता ताभ्यो गरीयसी
piturbhaginyāṃ mātuśca jyāyasyāṃ ca svasaryapi |mātṛvadvṛttiṃ ātiṣṭhenmātā tābhyo garīyasī
Towards a sister of one's father and of one's mother, and towards one's own elder sister, one must behave as towards one's mother ; (but) the mother is more venerable than they.
- 2.134
दशाब्दाख्यं पौरसख्यं पञ्चाब्दाख्यं कलाभृताम् ।त्र्यब्दपूर्वं श्रोत्रियाणां स्वल्पेनापि स्वयोनिषु
daśābdākhyaṃ paurasakhyaṃ pañcābdākhyaṃ kalābhṛtām |tryabdapūrvaṃ śrotriyāṇāṃ svalpenāpi svayoniṣu
Fellow-citizens are called friends (and equals though one be) ten years (older than the other), men
- 2.135
ब्राह्मणं दशवर्षं तु शतवर्षं तु भूमिपम् ।पितापुत्रौ विजानीयाद्ब्राह्मणस्तु तयोः पिता
brāhmaṇaṃ daśavarṣaṃ tu śatavarṣaṃ tu bhūmipam |pitāputrau vijānīyādbrāhmaṇastu tayoḥ pitā
Know that a Brahma^a of ten years and Kshatriya of a hundred years stand to each other in the relation of father and son ; but between those two the Brahma^a is the father.
- 2.136
वित्तं बन्धुर्वयः कर्म विद्या भवति पञ्चमी ।एतानि मान्यस्थानानि गरीयो यद्यदुत्तरम्
vittaṃ bandhurvayaḥ karma vidyā bhavati pañcamī |etāni mānyasthānāni garīyo yadyaduttaram
Wealth, kindred, age, (the due performance of) rites, and, fifthly, sacred learning are titles to respect ; but each later- named (cause) is more weighty (than the preceding ones).
- 2.137
पञ्चानां त्रिषु वर्णेषु भूयांसि गुणवन्ति च ।यत्र स्युः सोऽत्र मानार्हः शूद्रोऽपि दशमीं गतः
pañcānāṃ triṣu varṇeṣu bhūyāṃsi guṇavanti ca |yatra syuḥ so'tra mānārhaḥ śūdro'pi daśamīṃ gataḥ
Whatever man of the three (highest) castes possesses most of those five, both in number and degree, that man is worthy of honour among them ; and (so is) also a 6udra who has entered the tenth
- 2.138
चक्रिणो दशमीस्थस्य रोगिणो भारिणः स्त्रियाः ।स्नातकस्य च राज्ञश्च पन्था देयो वरस्य च
cakriṇo daśamīsthasya rogiṇo bhāriṇaḥ striyāḥ |snātakasya ca rājñaśca panthā deyo varasya ca
Way must be made for a man in a carriage, for one who is above ninety years old, for one dis- eased, for the carrier of a burden, for a woman, for a Snataka, for the king, and for a bridegroom.
- 2.139
तेषां तु समावेतानां मान्यौ स्नातकपार्थिवौ ।राजस्नातकयोश्चैव स्नातको नृपमानभाक्
teṣāṃ tu samāvetānāṃ mānyau snātakapārthivau |rājasnātakayoścaiva snātako nṛpamānabhāk
Among all those, if they meet (at one time), a Snataka and the king must be (most) honoured ; and equals may address each other with the words bho^, bhavat, or vayasya, ' friend.' The explanation of the verse, which is sub-
- 2.140
उपनीय तु यः शिष्यं वेदं अध्यापयेद्द्विजः ।सकल्पं सरहस्यं च तं आचार्यं प्रचक्षते
upanīya tu yaḥ śiṣyaṃ vedaṃ adhyāpayeddvijaḥ |sakalpaṃ sarahasyaṃ ca taṃ ācāryaṃ pracakṣate
They call that Br&hma^a who initiates a pupil and teaches him the Veda together with the Kalpa and the Rahasyas, the teacher (a^arya, of the latter).
- 2.141
एकदेशं तु वेदस्य वेदाङ्गान्यपि वा पुनः ।योऽध्यापयति वृत्त्यर्थं उपाध्यायः स उच्यते
ekadeśaṃ tu vedasya vedāṅgānyapi vā punaḥ |yo'dhyāpayati vṛttyarthaṃ upādhyāyaḥ sa ucyate
But he who for his livelihood teaches a portion only of the Veda, or also the Ahgas of the Veda, is called the sub-teacher (upadhyaya).
- 2.142
निषेकादीनि कर्माणि यः करोति यथाविधि ।संभावयति चान्नेन स विप्रो गुरुरुच्यते
niṣekādīni karmāṇi yaḥ karoti yathāvidhi |saṃbhāvayati cānnena sa vipro gururucyate
That Brahma^a, who performs in accord- ance with the rules (of the Veda) the rites, the Garbhadhana (conception -rite), and so forth, and gives food (to the child), is called the Guru (the
- 2.143
अग्न्याधेयं पाकयज्ञानग्निष्टोमादिकान्मखान् ।यः करोति वृतो यस्य स तस्य र्त्विगिहोच्यते
agnyādheyaṃ pākayajñānagniṣṭomādikānmakhān |yaḥ karoti vṛto yasya sa tasya rtvigihocyate
He who, being (duly) chosen (for the pur- pose), performs the Agnyadheya, the Pakaya^as, (and) the (6rauta) sacrifices, such as the Agnish- /oma (for another man), is called (his) officiating
- 2.144
य आवृणोत्यवितथं ब्रह्मणा श्रवणावुभौ ।स माता स पिता ज्ञेयस्तं न द्रुह्येत्कदा चन
ya āvṛṇotyavitathaṃ brahmaṇā śravaṇāvubhau |sa mātā sa pitā jñeyastaṃ na druhyetkadā cana
That (man) who truthfully fills both his ears with the Veda, (the pupil) shall consider as his father and mother; he must never offend him.
- 2.145
उपाध्यायान्दशाचार्य आचार्याणां शतं पिता ।सहस्रं तु पितॄन्माता गौरवेणातिरिच्यते
upādhyāyāndaśācārya ācāryāṇāṃ śataṃ pitā |sahasraṃ tu pitṝnmātā gauraveṇātiricyate
The teacher (a^arya) is ten times more 1 40-1 4 1. Ap. 1, 1,13; Gaut. I, 9-10; Vas. Ill, 21-23; Vi. XXIX, 1-2 ; Y&gri. I, 34-35. Kalpa, i. e. the Sutras referring to sacrifices. Rahasyas, lit. 'the secret portions/ i.e. the Upanishads and their
- 2.146
उत्पादकब्रह्मदात्रोर्गरीयान्ब्रह्मदः पिता ।ब्रह्मजन्म हि विप्रस्य प्रेत्य चेह च शाश्वतम्
utpādakabrahmadātrorgarīyānbrahmadaḥ pitā |brahmajanma hi viprasya pretya ceha ca śāśvatam
Of him who gives natural birth and him who gives (the knowledge of) the Veda, the giver of the Veda is the more venerable father ; for the birth for the sake of the Veda (ensures) eternal (rewards)
- 2.147
कामान्माता पिता चैनं यदुत्पादयतो मिथः ।संभूतिं तस्य तां विद्याद्यद्योनावभिजायते
kāmānmātā pitā cainaṃ yadutpādayato mithaḥ |saṃbhūtiṃ tasya tāṃ vidyādyadyonāvabhijāyate
Let him consider that (he received) a (mere animal) existence, when his parents begat him through mutual affection, and when he was born from the womb (of his mother).
- 2.148
आचार्यस्त्वस्य यां जातिं विधिवद्वेदपारगः ।उत्पादयति सावित्र्या सा सत्या साजरामरा
ācāryastvasya yāṃ jātiṃ vidhivadvedapāragaḥ |utpādayati sāvitryā sā satyā sājarāmarā
But that birth which a teacher acquainted with the whole Veda, in accordance with the law, procures for him through the Savitri, is real, exempt from age and death.
- 2.149
अल्पं वा बहु वा यस्य श्रुतस्योपकरोति यः ।तं अपीह गुरुं विद्याच्छ्रुतोपक्रियया तया
alpaṃ vā bahu vā yasya śrutasyopakaroti yaḥ |taṃ apīha guruṃ vidyācchrutopakriyayā tayā
(The pupil) must know that that man also who benefits him by (instruction in) the Veda, be it little or much, is called in these (Institutes) his Guru, in consequence of that benefit (conferred by
- 2.150
ब्राह्मस्य जन्मनः कर्ता स्वधर्मस्य च शासिता ।बालोऽपि विप्रो वृद्धस्य पिता भवति धर्मतः
brāhmasya janmanaḥ kartā svadharmasya ca śāsitā |bālo'pi vipro vṛddhasya pitā bhavati dharmataḥ
- 2.151
अध्यापयां आस पितॄन्शिशुराङ्गिरसः कविः ।पुत्रका इति होवाच ज्ञानेन परिगृह्य तान्
adhyāpayāṃ āsa pitṝnśiśurāṅgirasaḥ kaviḥ |putrakā iti hovāca jñānena parigṛhya tān
Young Kavi, the son of Ahgiras, taught his (relatives who were old enough to be) fathers, and, as he excelled them in (sacred) knowledge, he called them ' Little sons/
- 2.152
ते तं अर्थं अपृच्छन्त देवानागतमन्यवः ।देवाश्चैतान्समेत्योचुर्न्याय्यं वः शिशुरुक्तवान्
te taṃ arthaṃ apṛcchanta devānāgatamanyavaḥ |devāścaitānsametyocurnyāyyaṃ vaḥ śiśuruktavān
They, moved with resentment, asked the gods concerning that matter, and the gods, having assembled, answered, ' The child has addressed you properly.'
- 2.153
अज्ञो भवति वै बालः पिता भवति मन्त्रदः ।अज्ञं हि बालं इत्याहुः पितेत्येव तु मन्त्रदम्
ajño bhavati vai bālaḥ pitā bhavati mantradaḥ |ajñaṃ hi bālaṃ ityāhuḥ pitetyeva tu mantradam
'For (a man) destitute of (sacred) know- ledge is indeed a child, and he who teaches him the Veda is his father ; for (the sages) have always said " child "to an ignorant man, and " father" to a
- 2.154
न हायनैर्न पलितैर्न वित्तेन न बन्धुभिः ।ऋषयश्चक्रिरे धर्मं योऽनूचानः स नो महान्
na hāyanairna palitairna vittena na bandhubhiḥ |ṛṣayaścakrire dharmaṃ yo'nūcānaḥ sa no mahān
Neither through years, nor through white (hairs), nor through wealth, nor through (powerful) kinsmen (comes greatness). The sages have made this law, ' He who has learnt the Veda together with
- 2.155
विप्राणां ज्ञानतो ज्यैष्ठ्यं क्षत्रियाणां तु वीर्यतः ।वैश्यानां धान्यधनतः शूद्राणां एव जन्मतः
viprāṇāṃ jñānato jyaiṣṭhyaṃ kṣatriyāṇāṃ tu vīryataḥ |vaiśyānāṃ dhānyadhanataḥ śūdrāṇāṃ eva janmataḥ
The seniority of Brahma^as is from (sacred) knowledge, that of Kshatriyas from valour, that of Vaisyas from wealth in grain (and other goods), but that of ^udras alone from age.
- 2.156
न तेन वृद्धो भवति येनास्य पलितं शिरः ।यो वै युवाप्यधीयानस्तं देवाः स्थविरं विदुः
na tena vṛddho bhavati yenāsya palitaṃ śiraḥ |yo vai yuvāpyadhīyānastaṃ devāḥ sthaviraṃ viduḥ
A man is not therefore (considered) venerable because his head is gray ; him who, though young, has learned the Veda, the gods consider to be venerable.
- 2.157
यथा काष्ठमयो हस्ती यथा चर्ममयो मृगः ।यश्च विप्रोऽनधीयानस्त्रयस्ते नाम बिभ्रति
yathā kāṣṭhamayo hastī yathā carmamayo mṛgaḥ |yaśca vipro'nadhīyānastrayaste nāma bibhrati
As an elephant made of wood, as an antelope made of leather, such is an unlearned Brahma^a ; those three have nothing but the names (of their kind).
- 2.158
यथा षण्ढोऽफलः स्त्रीषु यथा गौर्गवि चाफला ।यथा चाज्ञेऽफलं दानं तथा विप्रोऽनृचोऽफलः
yathā ṣaṇḍho'phalaḥ strīṣu yathā gaurgavi cāphalā |yathā cājñe'phalaṃ dānaṃ tathā vipro'nṛco'phalaḥ
As a eunuch is unproductive with women, as a cow with a cow is unprolific, and as a gift made to an ignorant man yields no reward, even so is a Brahma/za useless, who (does) not (know) the Rik&s.
- 2.159
अहिंसयैव भूतानां कार्यं श्रेयोऽनुशासनम् ।वाक्चैव मधुरा श्लक्ष्णा प्रयोज्या धर्मं इच्छता
ahiṃsayaiva bhūtānāṃ kāryaṃ śreyo'nuśāsanam |vākcaiva madhurā ślakṣṇā prayojyā dharmaṃ icchatā
Created beings must be instructed in (what concerns) their welfare without giving them pain, and sweet and gentle speech must be used by (a teacher) who desires (to abide by) the sacred law.
- 2.160
यस्य वाङ्मनसी शुद्धे सम्यग्गुप्ते च सर्वदा ।स वै सर्वं अवाप्नोति वेदान्तोपगतं फलम्
yasya vāṅmanasī śuddhe samyaggupte ca sarvadā |sa vai sarvaṃ avāpnoti vedāntopagataṃ phalam
He, forsooth, whose speech and thoughts are pure and ever perfectly guarded, gains the whole reward which is conferred by the Vedanta.
- 2.161
नारुंतुदः स्यादार्तोऽपि न परद्रोहकर्मधीः ।ययास्योद्विजते वाचा नालोक्यां तां उदीरयेत्
nāruṃtudaḥ syādārto'pi na paradrohakarmadhīḥ |yayāsyodvijate vācā nālokyāṃ tāṃ udīrayet
Let him not, even though in pain, (speak words) cutting (others) to the quick; let him not injure others in thought or deed ; let him not utter speeches which make (others) afraid of him, since
- 2.162
सम्मानाद्ब्राह्मणो नित्यं उद्विजेत विषादिव ।अमृतस्येव चाकाङ्क्षेदवमानस्य सर्वदा
sammānādbrāhmaṇo nityaṃ udvijeta viṣādiva |amṛtasyeva cākāṅkṣedavamānasya sarvadā
A Brahma^a should always fear homage as if it were poison ; and constantly desire (to suffer) scorn as (he would long for) nectar.
- 2.163
सुखं ह्यवमतः शेते सुखं च प्रतिबुध्यते ।सुखं चरति लोकेऽस्मिन्नवमन्ता विनश्यति
sukhaṃ hyavamataḥ śete sukhaṃ ca pratibudhyate |sukhaṃ carati loke'sminnavamantā vinaśyati
For he who is scorned (nevertheless may) sleep with an easy mind, awake with an easy mind, and with an easy mind walk here among men ; but the scorner utterly perishes.
- 2.164
अनेन क्रमयोगेन संस्कृतात्मा द्विजः शनैः ।गुरौ वसन्सञ्चिनुयाद्ब्रह्माधिगमिकं तपः
anena kramayogena saṃskṛtātmā dvijaḥ śanaiḥ |gurau vasansañcinuyādbrahmādhigamikaṃ tapaḥ
A twice-born man who has been sanctified by the (employment of) the means, (described above) in due order, shall gradually and cumulatively per- form the various austerities prescribed for (those
- 2.165
तपोविशेषैर्विविधैर्व्रतैश्च विधिचोदितैः ।वेदः कृत्स्नोऽधिगन्तव्यः सरहस्यो द्विजन्मना
tapoviśeṣairvividhairvrataiśca vidhicoditaiḥ |vedaḥ kṛtsno'dhigantavyaḥ sarahasyo dvijanmanā
An Aryan must study the whole Veda to- gether with the Rahasyas, performing at the same time various kinds of austerities and the vows pre- scribed by the rules (of the Veda).
- 2.166
वेदं एव सदाभ्यस्येत्तपस्तप्स्यन्द्विजोत्तमः ।वेदाभ्यासो हि विप्रस्य तपः परं इहोच्यते
vedaṃ eva sadābhyasyettapastapsyandvijottamaḥ |vedābhyāso hi viprasya tapaḥ paraṃ ihocyate
Let a Brahma^a who desires to perform austerities, constantly repeat the Veda ; for the study
- 2.167
आ हैव स नखाग्रेभ्यः परमं तप्यते तपः ।यः स्रग्व्यपि द्विजोऽधीते स्वाध्यायं शक्तितोऽन्वहम्
ā haiva sa nakhāgrebhyaḥ paramaṃ tapyate tapaḥ |yaḥ sragvyapi dvijo'dhīte svādhyāyaṃ śaktito'nvaham
Verily, that twice-born man performs the highest austerity up to the extremities of his nails, who, though wearing a garland, daily recites the Veda in private to the utmost of his ability.
- 2.168
योऽनधीत्य द्विजो वेदं अन्यत्र कुरुते श्रमम् ।स जीवन्नेव शूद्रत्वं आशु गच्छति सान्वयः
yo'nadhītya dvijo vedaṃ anyatra kurute śramam |sa jīvanneva śūdratvaṃ āśu gacchati sānvayaḥ
A twice-born man who, not having studied the Veda, applies himself to other (and worldly study), soon falls, even while living, to the condition of a .Sudra and his descendants (after him).
- 2.169
मातुरग्रेऽधिजननं द्वितीयं मौञ्जिबन्धने ।तृतीयं यज्ञदीक्षायां द्विजस्य श्रुतिचोदनात्
māturagre'dhijananaṃ dvitīyaṃ mauñjibandhane |tṛtīyaṃ yajñadīkṣāyāṃ dvijasya śruticodanāt
According to the injunction of the revealed texts the first birth of an Aryan is from (his natural) mother, the second (happens) on the tying of the girdle of Mui^a grass, and the third on the initiation
- 2.170
तत्र यद्ब्रह्मजन्मास्य मौञ्जीबन्धनचिह्नितम् ।तत्रास्य माता सावित्री पिता त्वाचार्य उच्यते
tatra yadbrahmajanmāsya mauñjībandhanacihnitam |tatrāsya mātā sāvitrī pitā tvācārya ucyate
- 2.171
वेदप्रदानादाचार्यं पितरं परिचक्षते ।न ह्यस्मिन्युज्यते कर्म किञ् चिदा मौञ्जिबन्धनात्
vedapradānādācāryaṃ pitaraṃ paricakṣate |na hyasminyujyate karma kiñ cidā mauñjibandhanāt
They call the teacher (the pupil's) father because he gives the Veda ; for nobody can perform a (sacred) rite before the investiture with the girdle of Mu^a grass.
- 2.172
नाभिव्याहारयेद्ब्रह्म स्वधानिनयनादृते ।शूद्रेण हि समस्तावद्यावद्वेदे न जायते
nābhivyāhārayedbrahma svadhāninayanādṛte |śūdreṇa hi samastāvadyāvadvede na jāyate
(He who has not been initiated) should not pronounce (any) Vedic text excepting (those required for) the performance of funeral rites, since he is on a level with a .Sudra before his birth from the Veda.
- 2.173
कृतोपनयनस्यास्य व्रतादेशनं इष्यते ।ब्रह्मणो ग्रहणं चैव क्रमेण विधिपूर्वकम्
kṛtopanayanasyāsya vratādeśanaṃ iṣyate |brahmaṇo grahaṇaṃ caiva krameṇa vidhipūrvakam
The (student) who has been initiated must be instructed in the performance of the vows, and gradually learn the Veda, observing the prescribed rules.
- 2.174
यद्यस्य विहितं चर्म यत्सूत्रं या च मेखला ।यो दण्डो यच्च वसनं तत्तदस्य व्रतेष्वपि
yadyasya vihitaṃ carma yatsūtraṃ yā ca mekhalā |yo daṇḍo yacca vasanaṃ tattadasya vrateṣvapi
- 2.175
सेवेतेमांस्तु नियमान्ब्रह्मचारी गुरौ वसन् ।सन्नियम्येन्द्रियग्रामं तपोवृद्ध्यर्थं आत्मनः
sevetemāṃstu niyamānbrahmacārī gurau vasan |sanniyamyendriyagrāmaṃ tapovṛddhyarthaṃ ātmanaḥ
But a student who resides with his teacher must observe the following restrictive rules, duly controlling all his organs, in order to increase his spiritual merit.
- 2.176
नित्यं स्नात्वा शुचिः कुर्याद्देवर्षिपितृतर्पणम् ।देवताभ्यर्चनं चैव समिदाधानं एव च
nityaṃ snātvā śuciḥ kuryāddevarṣipitṛtarpaṇam |devatābhyarcanaṃ caiva samidādhānaṃ eva ca
- 2.177
वर्जयेन्मधु मांसं च गन्धं माल्यं रसान्स्त्रियः ।शुक्तानि यानि सर्वाणि प्राणिनां चैव हिंसनम्
varjayenmadhu māṃsaṃ ca gandhaṃ mālyaṃ rasānstriyaḥ |śuktāni yāni sarvāṇi prāṇināṃ caiva hiṃsanam
Let him abstain from honey, meat, perfumes, garlands, substances (used for) flavouring (food), women, all substances turned acid, and from doing injury to living creatures,
- 2.178
अभ्यङ्गं अञ्जनं चाक्ष्णोरुपानच्छत्रधारणम् ।कामं क्रोधं च लोभं च नर्तनं गीतवादनम्
abhyaṅgaṃ añjanaṃ cākṣṇorupānacchatradhāraṇam |kāmaṃ krodhaṃ ca lobhaṃ ca nartanaṃ gītavādanam
From anointing (his body), applying colly- 173-174. Vi. XXVII, 28. 'The vows,' i.e. 'the observances and the restrictive rules, such as offering fuel, the prohibition of sleeping in the day-time* (Kull., Nar.), or 'the Veda-vows, the
- 2.179
द्यूतं च जनवादं च परिवादं तथानृतम् ।स्त्रीणां च प्रेक्षणालम्भं उपघातं परस्य च
dyūtaṃ ca janavādaṃ ca parivādaṃ tathānṛtam |strīṇāṃ ca prekṣaṇālambhaṃ upaghātaṃ parasya ca
From gambling, idle disputes, backbiting, and lying, from looking at and touching women, and from hurting others.
- 2.180
एकः शयीत सर्वत्र न रेतः स्कन्दयेत्क्व चित् ।कामाद्धि स्कन्दयन्रेतो हिनस्ति व्रतं आत्मनः
ekaḥ śayīta sarvatra na retaḥ skandayetkva cit |kāmāddhi skandayanreto hinasti vrataṃ ātmanaḥ
Let him always sleep alone, let him never waste his manhood ; for he who voluntarily wastes his manhood, breaks his vow.
- 2.181
स्वप्ने सिक्त्वा ब्रह्मचारी द्विजः शुक्रं अकामतः ।स्नात्वार्कं अर्चयित्वा त्रिः पुनर्मां इत्यृचं जपेत्
svapne siktvā brahmacārī dvijaḥ śukraṃ akāmataḥ |snātvārkaṃ arcayitvā triḥ punarmāṃ ityṛcaṃ japet
A twice-born student, who has involuntarily wasted his manly strength during sleep, must bathe, worship the sun, and afterwards thrice mutter the Rik- verse (which begins), 'Again let my strength
- 2.182
उदकुम्भं सुमनसो गोशकृन्मृत्तिकाकुशान् ।आहरेद्यावदर्थानि भैक्षं चाहरहश्चरेत्
udakumbhaṃ sumanaso gośakṛnmṛttikākuśān |āharedyāvadarthāni bhaikṣaṃ cāharahaścaret
Let him fetch a pot full of water, flowers, cowdung, earth, and Ku.ya grass, as much as may be required (by his teacher), and daily go to beg food.
- 2.183
वेदयज्ञैरहीनानां प्रशस्तानां स्वकर्मसु ।ब्रह्मचार्याहरेद्भैक्षं गृहेभ्यः प्रयतोऽन्वहम्
vedayajñairahīnānāṃ praśastānāṃ svakarmasu |brahmacāryāharedbhaikṣaṃ gṛhebhyaḥ prayato'nvaham
A student, being pure, shall daily bring food from the houses of men who are not deficient in (the knowledge of) the Veda and in (performing) sacrifices, and who are famous for (following their lawful)
- 2.184
गुरोः कुले न भिक्षेत न ज्ञातिकुलबन्धुषु ।अलाभे त्वन्यगेहानां पूर्वं पूर्वं विवर्जयेत्
guroḥ kule na bhikṣeta na jñātikulabandhuṣu |alābhe tvanyagehānāṃ pūrvaṃ pūrvaṃ vivarjayet
Let him not beg from the relatives of his teacher, nor from his own or his mother's blood- relations ; but if there are no houses belonging to
- 2.185
सर्वं वापि चरेद्ग्रामं पूर्वोक्तानां असंभवे ।नियम्य प्रयतो वाचं अभिशस्तांस्तु वर्जयेत्
sarvaṃ vāpi caredgrāmaṃ pūrvoktānāṃ asaṃbhave |niyamya prayato vācaṃ abhiśastāṃstu varjayet
Or, if there are no (virtuous men of the kind) mentioned above, he may go to each (house in the) village, being pure and remaining silent ; but let him avoid AbhLsastas (those accused of mortal sin).
- 2.186
दूरादाहृत्य समिधः सन्निदध्याद्विहायसि ।सायंः प्रातश्च जुहुयात्ताभिरग्निं अतन्द्रितः
dūrādāhṛtya samidhaḥ sannidadhyādvihāyasi |sāyaṃḥ prātaśca juhuyāttābhiragniṃ atandritaḥ
Having brought sacred fuel from a distance, let him place it anywhere but on the ground, and let him, unwearied, make with it burnt oblations to the sacred fire, both evening and morning.
- 2.187
अकृत्वा भैक्षचरणं असमिध्य च पावकम् ।अनातुरः सप्तरात्रं अवकीर्णिव्रतं चरेत्
akṛtvā bhaikṣacaraṇaṃ asamidhya ca pāvakam |anāturaḥ saptarātraṃ avakīrṇivrataṃ caret
He who, without being sick, neglects during seven (successive) days to go out begging, and to offer fuel in the sacred fire, shall perform the penance of an Avakirmn (one who has broken his vow).
- 2.188
भैक्षेण वर्तयेन्नित्यं नैकान्नादी भवेद्व्रती ।भैक्षेण व्रतिनो वृत्तिरुपवाससमा स्मृता
bhaikṣeṇa vartayennityaṃ naikānnādī bhavedvratī |bhaikṣeṇa vratino vṛttirupavāsasamā smṛtā
He who performs the vow (of studentship) shall constantly subsist on alms, (but) not eat the food of one (person only) ; the subsistence of a student on begged food is declared to be equal (in
- 2.189
व्रतवद्देवदैवत्ये पित्र्ये कर्मण्यथ र्षिवत् ।कामं अभ्यर्थितोऽश्नीयाद्व्रतं अस्य न लुप्यते
vratavaddevadaivatye pitrye karmaṇyatha rṣivat |kāmaṃ abhyarthito'śnīyādvrataṃ asya na lupyate
At his pleasure he may eat, when invited, the food of one man at (a rite) in honour of the
- 2.190
ब्राह्मणस्यैव कर्मैतदुपदिष्टं मनीषिभिः ।राजन्यवैश्ययोस्त्वेवं नैतत्कर्म विधीयते
brāhmaṇasyaiva karmaitadupadiṣṭaṃ manīṣibhiḥ |rājanyavaiśyayostvevaṃ naitatkarma vidhīyate
This duty is prescribed by the wise for a Brahma/za only; but no such duty is ordained for a Kshatriya and a Vai^ya.
- 2.191
चोदितो गुरुणा नित्यं अप्रचोदित एव वा ।कुर्यादध्ययने यत्नं आचार्यस्य हितेषु च
codito guruṇā nityaṃ apracodita eva vā |kuryādadhyayane yatnaṃ ācāryasya hiteṣu ca
Both when ordered by his teacher, and with- out a (special) command, (a student) shall always exert himself in studying (the Veda), and in doing what is serviceable to his teacher.
- 2.192
शरीरं चैव वाचं च बुद्धीन्द्रियमनांसि च ।नियम्य प्राञ्जलिस्तिष्ठेद्वीक्षमाणो गुरोर्मुखम्
śarīraṃ caiva vācaṃ ca buddhīndriyamanāṃsi ca |niyamya prāñjalistiṣṭhedvīkṣamāṇo gurormukham
Controlling his body, his speech, his organs (of sense), and his mind, let him stand with joined hands, looking at the face of his teacher.
- 2.193
नित्यं उद्धृतपाणिः स्यात्साध्वाचारः सुसंवृतः ।आस्यतां इति चोक्तः सन्नासीताभिमुखं गुरोः
nityaṃ uddhṛtapāṇiḥ syātsādhvācāraḥ susaṃvṛtaḥ |āsyatāṃ iti coktaḥ sannāsītābhimukhaṃ guroḥ
Let him always keep his right arm uncovered, behave decently and keep his body well covered, and when he is addressed (with the words), ' Be seated/ he shall sit down, facing his teacher.
- 2.194
हीनान्नवस्त्रवेषः स्यात्सर्वदा गुरुसन्निधौ ।उत्तिष्ठेत्प्रथमं चास्य चरमं चैव संविशेत्
hīnānnavastraveṣaḥ syātsarvadā gurusannidhau |uttiṣṭhetprathamaṃ cāsya caramaṃ caiva saṃviśet
In the presence of his teacher let him always eat less, wear a less valuable dress and ornaments According to Gov., Nar., and Nand., the last phrase means that the student is to eat at a funeral dinner a little wild-growing rice
- 2.195
प्रतिश्रावणसंभाषे शयानो न समाचरेत् ।नासीनो न च भुञ्जानो न तिष्ठन्न पराङ्मुखः
pratiśrāvaṇasaṃbhāṣe śayāno na samācaret |nāsīno na ca bhuñjāno na tiṣṭhanna parāṅmukhaḥ
Let him not answer or converse with (his teacher), reclining on a bed, nor sitting, nor eating, nor standing, nor with an averted face.
- 2.196
आसीनस्य स्थितः कुर्यादभिगच्छंस्तु तिष्ठतः ।प्रत्युद्गम्य त्वाव्रजतः पश्चाद्धावंस्तु धावतः
āsīnasya sthitaḥ kuryādabhigacchaṃstu tiṣṭhataḥ |pratyudgamya tvāvrajataḥ paścāddhāvaṃstu dhāvataḥ
Let him do (that), standing up, if (his teacher) is seated, advancing towards him when he stands, going to meet him if he advances, and running after him when he runs ;
- 2.197
पराङ्मुखस्याभिमुखो दूरस्थस्यैत्य चान्तिकम् ।प्रणम्य तु शयानस्य निदेशे चैव तिष्ठतः
parāṅmukhasyābhimukho dūrasthasyaitya cāntikam |praṇamya tu śayānasya nideśe caiva tiṣṭhataḥ
Going (round) to face (the teacher), if his face is averted, approaching him if he stands at a distance, but bending towards him if he lies on a bed, and if he stands in a lower place.
- 2.198
नीचं शय्यासनं चास्य नित्यं स्याद्गुरुसन्निधौ ।गुरोस्तु चक्षुर्विषये न यथेष्टासनो भवेत्
nīcaṃ śayyāsanaṃ cāsya nityaṃ syādgurusannidhau |gurostu cakṣurviṣaye na yatheṣṭāsano bhavet
When his teacher is nigh, let his bed or seat be low ; but within sight of his teacher he shall not sit carelessly at ease.
- 2.199
नोदाहरेदस्य नाम परोक्षं अपि केवलम् ।न चैवास्यानुकुर्वीत गतिभाषितचेष्टितम्
nodāharedasya nāma parokṣaṃ api kevalam |na caivāsyānukurvīta gatibhāṣitaceṣṭitam
Let him not pronounce the mere name of his teacher (without adding an honorific title) behind his back even, and let him not mimic his gait, speech, and deportment.
- 2.200
गुरोर्यत्र परिवादो निन्दा वापि प्रवर्तते ।कर्णौ तत्र पिधातव्यौ गन्तव्यं वा ततोऽन्यतः
guroryatra parivādo nindā vāpi pravartate |karṇau tatra pidhātavyau gantavyaṃ vā tato'nyataḥ
Wherever (people) justly censure or falsely defame his teacher, there he must cover his ears or depart thence to another place.
- 2.201
परीवादात्खरो भवति श्वा वै भवति निन्दकः ।परिभोक्ता कृमिर्भवति कीटो भवति मत्सरी
parīvādātkharo bhavati śvā vai bhavati nindakaḥ |paribhoktā kṛmirbhavati kīṭo bhavati matsarī
By censuring (his teacher), though justly, he 195-197. Ap. I, 6, 5-9; Gaut. II, 25-28; Vas. VII, 12 ; Baudh. I, 3, 38; Vi. XXVIII, 18-22.
- 2.202
दूरस्थो नार्चयेदेनं न क्रुद्धो नान्तिके स्त्रियाः ।यानासनस्थश्चैवैनं अवरुह्याभिवादयेत्
dūrastho nārcayedenaṃ na kruddho nāntike striyāḥ |yānāsanasthaścaivainaṃ avaruhyābhivādayet
He must not serve the (teacher by the inter- vention of another) while he himself stands aloof, nor when he (himself) is angry, nor when a woman is near ; if he is seated in a carnage or on a (raised)
- 2.203
प्रतिवातेऽनुवाते च नासीत गुरुणा सह ।असंश्रवे चैव गुरोर्न किं चिदपि कीर्तयेत्
prativāte'nuvāte ca nāsīta guruṇā saha |asaṃśrave caiva gurorna kiṃ cidapi kīrtayet
Let him not sit with his teacher, to the leeward or to the windward (of him); nor let him say anything which his teacher cannot hear.
- 2.204
गोऽश्वोष्ट्रयानप्रासाद प्रस्तरेषु कटेषु च ।आसीत गुरुणा सार्धं शिलाफलकनौषु च
go'śvoṣṭrayānaprāsāda prastareṣu kaṭeṣu ca |āsīta guruṇā sārdhaṃ śilāphalakanauṣu ca
He may sit with his teacher in a carriage drawn by oxen, horses, or camels, on a terrace, on a bed of grass or leaves, on a mat, on a rock, on a wooden bench, or in a boat.
- 2.205
गुरोर्गुरौ सन्निहिते गुरुवद्वृत्तिं आचरेत् ।न चानिसृष्टो गुरुणा स्वान्गुरूनभिवादयेत्
gurorgurau sannihite guruvadvṛttiṃ ācaret |na cānisṛṣṭo guruṇā svāngurūnabhivādayet
If his teacher's teacher is near, let him be- have (towards him) as towards his own teacher ; but let him, unless he has received permission from his teacher, not salute venerable persons of his own
- 2.206
विद्यागुरुष्वेवं एव नित्या वृत्तिः स्वयोनिषु ।प्रतिषेधत्सु चाधर्माद्धितं चोपदिशत्स्वपि
vidyāguruṣvevaṃ eva nityā vṛttiḥ svayoniṣu |pratiṣedhatsu cādharmāddhitaṃ copadiśatsvapi
This is likewise (ordained as) his constant behaviour towards (other) instructors in science, towards his relatives (to whom honour is due), according to NaT. and Nand. 'he who eats without the teacher's
- 2.207
श्रेयःसु गुरुवद्वृत्तिं नित्यं एव समाचरेत् ।गुरुपुत्रेषु चार्येषु गुरोश्चैव स्वबन्धुषु
śreyaḥsu guruvadvṛttiṃ nityaṃ eva samācaret |guruputreṣu cāryeṣu guroścaiva svabandhuṣu
Towards his betters let him always behave as towards his teacher, likewise towards sons of his teacher, born by wives of equal caste, and towards the teacher's relatives both on the side of the father
- 2.208
बालः समानजन्मा वा शिष्यो वा यज्ञकर्मणि ।अध्यापयन्गुरुसुतो गुरुवन्मानं अर्हति
bālaḥ samānajanmā vā śiṣyo vā yajñakarmaṇi |adhyāpayangurusuto guruvanmānaṃ arhati
The son of the teacher who imparts in- struction (in his father's stead), whether younger or of equal age, or a student of (the science of) sacrifices (or of other Angas), deserves the same
- 2.209
उत्सादनं च गात्राणां स्नापनोच्छिष्टभोजने ।न कुर्याद्गुरुपुत्रस्य पादयोश्चावनेजनम्
utsādanaṃ ca gātrāṇāṃ snāpanocchiṣṭabhojane |na kuryādguruputrasya pādayoścāvanejanam
(A student) must not shampoo the limbs of his teacher's son, nor assist him in bathing, nor eat the fragments of his food, nor wash his feet.
- 2.210
गुरुवत्प्रतिपूज्याः स्युः सवर्णा गुरुयोषितः ।असवर्णास्तु सम्पूज्याः प्रत्युत्थानाभिवादनैः
guruvatpratipūjyāḥ syuḥ savarṇā guruyoṣitaḥ |asavarṇāstu sampūjyāḥ pratyutthānābhivādanaiḥ
The wives of the teacher, who belong to the same caste, must be treated as respectfully as
- 2.211
अभ्यञ्जनं स्नापनं च गात्रोत्सादनं एव च ।गुरुपत्न्या न कार्याणि केशानां च प्रसाधनम्
abhyañjanaṃ snāpanaṃ ca gātrotsādanaṃ eva ca |gurupatnyā na kāryāṇi keśānāṃ ca prasādhanam
Let him not perform for a wife of his teacher (the offices of) anointing her, assisting her in the bath, shampooing her limbs, or arranging her hair.
- 2.212
गुरुपत्नी तु युवतिर्नाभिवाद्येह पादयोः ।पूर्णविंशतिवर्षेण गुणदोषौ विजानता
gurupatnī tu yuvatirnābhivādyeha pādayoḥ |pūrṇaviṃśativarṣeṇa guṇadoṣau vijānatā
(A pupil) who is full twenty years old, and knows what is becoming and unbecoming, shall not salute a young wife of his teacher (by clasping) her feet.
- 2.213
स्वभाव एष नारीणां नराणां इह दूषणम् ।अतोऽर्थान्न प्रमाद्यन्ति प्रमदासु विपश्चितः
svabhāva eṣa nārīṇāṃ narāṇāṃ iha dūṣaṇam |ato'rthānna pramādyanti pramadāsu vipaścitaḥ
It is the nature of women to seduce men in this (world) ; for that reason the wise are never unguarded in (the company of) females.
- 2.214
अविद्वांसं अलं लोके विद्वांसं अपि वा पुनः ।प्रमदा ह्युत्पथं नेतुं कामक्रोधवशानुगम्
avidvāṃsaṃ alaṃ loke vidvāṃsaṃ api vā punaḥ |pramadā hyutpathaṃ netuṃ kāmakrodhavaśānugam
For women are able to lead astray in (this) world not only a fool, but even a learned man, and (to make) him a slave of desire and anger.
- 2.215
मात्रा स्वस्रा दुहित्रा वा न विविक्तासनो भवेत् ।बलवानिन्द्रियग्रामो विद्वांसं अपि कर्षति
mātrā svasrā duhitrā vā na viviktāsano bhavet |balavānindriyagrāmo vidvāṃsaṃ api karṣati
One should not sit in a lonely place with one's mother, sister, or daughter ; for the senses are powerful, and master even a learned man.
- 2.216
कामं तु गुरुपत्नीनां युवतीनां युवा भुवि ।विधिवद्वन्दनं कुर्यादसावहं इति ब्रुवन्
kāmaṃ tu gurupatnīnāṃ yuvatīnāṃ yuvā bhuvi |vidhivadvandanaṃ kuryādasāvahaṃ iti bruvan
But at his pleasure a young student may prostrate himself on the ground before the young wife of a teacher, in accordance with the rule, and say, ■ I, N. N., (worship thee, O lady).'
- 2.217
विप्रोष्य पादग्रहणं अन्वहं चाभिवादनम् ।गुरुदारेषु कुर्वीत सतां धर्मं अनुस्मरन्
viproṣya pādagrahaṇaṃ anvahaṃ cābhivādanam |gurudāreṣu kurvīta satāṃ dharmaṃ anusmaran
On returning from a journey he must clasp the feet of his teacher's wife and daily salute her (in the manner just mentioned), remembering the duty of the virtuous.
- 2.218
यथा खनन्खनित्रेण नरो वार्यधिगच्छति ।तथा गुरुगतां विद्यां शुश्रूषुरधिगच्छति
yathā khanankhanitreṇa naro vāryadhigacchati |tathā gurugatāṃ vidyāṃ śuśrūṣuradhigacchati
As the man who digs with a spade (into the ground) obtains water, even so an obedient (pupil) obtains the knowledge which lies (hidden) in his teacher.
- 2.219
मुण्डो वा जटिलो वा स्यादथ वा स्याच्छिखाजटः ।नैनं ग्रामेऽभिनिम्लोचेत्सूर्यो नाभ्युदियात्क्व चित्
muṇḍo vā jaṭilo vā syādatha vā syācchikhājaṭaḥ |nainaṃ grāme'bhinimlocetsūryo nābhyudiyātkva cit
A (student) may either shave his head, or 216-217. Vi. XXXII, 13-15.
- 2.220
तं चेदभ्युदियात्सूर्यः शयानं कामचारतः ।निम्लोचेद्वाप्यविज्ञानाज्जपन्नुपवसेद्दिनम्
taṃ cedabhyudiyātsūryaḥ śayānaṃ kāmacārataḥ |nimlocedvāpyavijñānājjapannupavaseddinam
If the sun should rise or set while he is sleeping, be it (that he offended) intentionally or unintentionally, he shall fast during the (next) day, muttering (the Savitri).
- 2.221
सूर्येण ह्यभिनिर्मुक्तः शयानोऽभ्युदितश्च यः ।प्रायश्चित्तं अकुर्वाणो युक्तः स्यान्महतैनसा
sūryeṇa hyabhinirmuktaḥ śayāno'bhyuditaśca yaḥ |prāyaścittaṃ akurvāṇo yuktaḥ syānmahatainasā
For he who lies (sleeping), while the sun sets or rises, and does not perform (that) penance, is tainted by great guilt.
- 2.222
आचम्य प्रयतो नित्यं उभे संध्ये समाहितः ।शुचौ देशे जपञ् जप्यं उपासीत यथाविधि
ācamya prayato nityaṃ ubhe saṃdhye samāhitaḥ |śucau deśe japañ japyaṃ upāsīta yathāvidhi
Purified by sipping water, he shall daily worship during both twilights with a concentrated mind in a pure place, muttering the prescribed text according to the rule.
- 2.223
यदि स्त्री यद्यवरजः श्रेयः किं चित्समाचरेत् ।तत्सर्वं आचरेद्युक्तो यत्र चास्य रमेन्मनः
yadi strī yadyavarajaḥ śreyaḥ kiṃ citsamācaret |tatsarvaṃ ācaredyukto yatra cāsya ramenmanaḥ
If a woman or a man of low caste perform anything (leading to) happiness, let him diligently practise it, as well as (any other permitted act) in which his heart finds pleasure.
- 2.224
धर्मार्थावुच्यते श्रेयः कामार्थौ धर्म एव च ।अर्थ एवेह वा श्रेयस्त्रिवर्ग इति तु स्थितिः
dharmārthāvucyate śreyaḥ kāmārthau dharma eva ca |artha eveha vā śreyastrivarga iti tu sthitiḥ
- 2.225
आचार्यश्च पिता चैव माता भ्राता च पूर्वजः ।नार्तेनाप्यवमन्तव्या ब्राह्मणेन विशेषतः
ācāryaśca pitā caiva mātā bhrātā ca pūrvajaḥ |nārtenāpyavamantavyā brāhmaṇena viśeṣataḥ
The teacher, the father, the mother, and an elder brother must not be treated with disrespect, especially by a Brahma^a, though one be grievously offended (by them).
- 2.226
आचार्यो ब्रह्मणो मूर्तिः पिता मूर्तिः प्रजापतेः ।माता पृथिव्या मूर्तिस्तु भ्राता स्वो मूर्तिरात्मनः
ācāryo brahmaṇo mūrtiḥ pitā mūrtiḥ prajāpateḥ |mātā pṛthivyā mūrtistu bhrātā svo mūrtirātmanaḥ
The teacher is the image of Brahman, the father the image of Pra^apati (the lord of created beings), the mother the image of the earth, and an (elder) full brother the image of oneself.
- 2.227
यं मातापितरौ क्लेशं सहेते संभवे नृणाम् ।न तस्य निष्कृतिः शक्या कर्तुं वर्षशतैरपि
yaṃ mātāpitarau kleśaṃ sahete saṃbhave nṛṇām |na tasya niṣkṛtiḥ śakyā kartuṃ varṣaśatairapi
That trouble (and pain) which the parents undergo on the birth of (their) children, cannot be compensated even in a hundred years.
- 2.228
तयोर्नित्यं प्रियं कुर्यादाचार्यस्य च सर्वदा ।तेष्वेव त्रिषु तुष्टेषु तपः सर्वं समाप्यते
tayornityaṃ priyaṃ kuryādācāryasya ca sarvadā |teṣveva triṣu tuṣṭeṣu tapaḥ sarvaṃ samāpyate
Let him always do what is agreeable to those (two) and always (what may please) his teacher ; when those three are pleased, he obtains all (those rewards which) austerities (yield).
- 2.229
तेषां त्रयाणां शुश्रूषा परमं तप उच्यते ।न तैरनभ्यनुज्ञातो धर्मं अन्यं समाचरेत्
teṣāṃ trayāṇāṃ śuśrūṣā paramaṃ tapa ucyate |na tairanabhyanujñāto dharmaṃ anyaṃ samācaret
Obedience towards those three is declared to be the best (form of) austerity ; let him not perform other meritorious acts without their permission.
- 2.230
त एव हि त्रयो लोकास्त एव त्रय आश्रमाः ।त एव हि त्रयो वेदास्त एवोक्तास्त्रयोऽग्नयः
ta eva hi trayo lokāsta eva traya āśramāḥ |ta eva hi trayo vedāsta evoktāstrayo'gnayaḥ
For they are declared to be the three worlds, they the three (principal) orders, they the three Vedas, and they the three sacred fires.
- 2.231
पिता वै गार्हपत्योऽग्निर्माताग्निर्दक्षिणः स्मृतः ।गुरुराहवनीयस्तु साग्नित्रेता गरीयसी
pitā vai gārhapatyo'gnirmātāgnirdakṣiṇaḥ smṛtaḥ |gururāhavanīyastu sāgnitretā garīyasī
The father, forsooth, is stated to be the Garhapatya fire, the mother the Dakshi/zagni, but
- 2.232
त्रिष्वप्रमाद्यन्नेतेषु त्रीन्लोकान्विजयेद्गृही ।दीप्यमानः स्ववपुषा देववद्दिवि मोदते
triṣvapramādyanneteṣu trīnlokānvijayedgṛhī |dīpyamānaḥ svavapuṣā devavaddivi modate
He who neglects not those three, (even after he has become) a householder, will conquer the three worlds and, radiant in body like a god, he will enjoy bliss in heaven.
- 2.233
इमं लोकं मातृभक्त्या पितृभक्त्या तु मध्यमम् ।गुरुशुश्रूषया त्वेवं ब्रह्मलोकं समश्नुते
imaṃ lokaṃ mātṛbhaktyā pitṛbhaktyā tu madhyamam |guruśuśrūṣayā tvevaṃ brahmalokaṃ samaśnute
By honouring his mother he gains this (nether) world, by honouring his father the middle sphere, but by obedience to his teacher the world of Brahman.
- 2.234
सर्वे तस्यादृता धर्मा यस्यैते त्रय आदृताः ।अनादृतास्तु यस्यैते सर्वास्तस्याफलाः क्रियाः
sarve tasyādṛtā dharmā yasyaite traya ādṛtāḥ |anādṛtāstu yasyaite sarvāstasyāphalāḥ kriyāḥ
All duties have been fulfilled by him who honours those three ; but to him who honours them not, all rites remain fruitless.
- 2.235
यावत्त्रयस्ते जीवेयुस्तावन्नान्यं समाचरेत् ।तेष्वेव नित्यं शुश्रूषां कुर्यात्प्रियहिते रतः
yāvattrayaste jīveyustāvannānyaṃ samācaret |teṣveva nityaṃ śuśrūṣāṃ kuryātpriyahite rataḥ
As long as those three live, so long let him not (independently) perform any other (meritorious acts) ; let him always serve them, rejoicing (to do what is) agreeable and beneficial (to them).
- 2.236
तेषां अनुपरोधेन पारत्र्यं यद्यदाचरेत् ।तत्तन्निवेदयेत्तेभ्यो मनोवचनकर्मभिः
teṣāṃ anuparodhena pāratryaṃ yadyadācaret |tattannivedayettebhyo manovacanakarmabhiḥ
He shall inform them of everything that with their consent he may perform in thought, word, or deed for the sake of the next world.
- 2.237
त्रिष्वेतेष्वितिकृत्यं हि पुरुषस्य समाप्यते ।एष धर्मः परः साक्षादुपधर्मोऽन्य उच्यते
triṣveteṣvitikṛtyaṃ hi puruṣasya samāpyate |eṣa dharmaḥ paraḥ sākṣādupadharmo'nya ucyate
By (honouring) these three all that ought to be done by man, is accomplished ; that is clearly the highest duty, every other (act) is a subordinate duty.
- 2.238
श्रद्दधानः शुभां विद्यां आददीतावरादपि ।अन्यादपि परं धर्मं स्त्रीरत्नं दुष्कुलादपि
śraddadhānaḥ śubhāṃ vidyāṃ ādadītāvarādapi |anyādapi paraṃ dharmaṃ strīratnaṃ duṣkulādapi
He who possesses faith may receive pure learning even from a man of lower caste, the highest
- 2.239
विषादप्यमृतं ग्राह्यं बालादपि सुभाषितम् ।अमित्रादपि सद्वृत्तं अमेध्यादपि काञ्चनम्
viṣādapyamṛtaṃ grāhyaṃ bālādapi subhāṣitam |amitrādapi sadvṛttaṃ amedhyādapi kāñcanam
Even from poison nectar may be taken, even from a child good advice, even from a foe (a lesson in) good conduct, and even from an impure (substance) gold.
- 2.240
स्त्रियो रत्नान्यथो विद्या धर्मः शौचं सुभाषितम् ।विविधानि च शील्पानि समादेयानि सर्वतः
striyo ratnānyatho vidyā dharmaḥ śaucaṃ subhāṣitam |vividhāni ca śīlpāni samādeyāni sarvataḥ
Excellent wives, learning, (the knowledge of) the law, (the rules of) purity, good advice, and various arts may be acquired from anybody.
- 2.241
अब्राह्मणादध्यायनं आपत्काले विधीयते ।अनुव्रज्या च शुश्रूषा यावदध्यायनं गुरोः
abrāhmaṇādadhyāyanaṃ āpatkāle vidhīyate |anuvrajyā ca śuśrūṣā yāvadadhyāyanaṃ guroḥ
It is prescribed that in times of distress (a student) may learn (the Veda) from one who is not a Brahma^a ; and that he shall walk behind and serve (such a) teacher, as long as the instruction lasts.
- 2.242
नाब्राह्मणे गुरौ शिष्यो वासं आत्यन्तिकं वसेत् ।ब्राह्मणे वाननूचाने काङ्क्षन्गतिं अनुत्तमाम्
nābrāhmaṇe gurau śiṣyo vāsaṃ ātyantikaṃ vaset |brāhmaṇe vānanūcāne kāṅkṣangatiṃ anuttamām
He who desires incomparable bliss (in heaven) shall not dwell during his whole life in (the house of) a non-Brahma/ncal teacher, nor with a Brahma^a who does not know the whole Veda
- 2.243
यदि त्वात्यन्तिकं वासं रोचयेत गुरोः कुले ।युक्तः परिचरेदेनं आ शरीरविमोक्षणात्
yadi tvātyantikaṃ vāsaṃ rocayeta guroḥ kule |yuktaḥ paricaredenaṃ ā śarīravimokṣaṇāt
But if (a student) desires to pass his whole life in the teacher's house, he must diligently serve him, until he is freed from this body.
- 2.244
आ समाप्तेः शरीरस्य यस्तु शुश्रूषते गुरुम् ।स गच्छत्यञ्जसा विप्रो ब्रह्मणः सद्म शाश्वतम्
ā samāpteḥ śarīrasya yastu śuśrūṣate gurum |sa gacchatyañjasā vipro brahmaṇaḥ sadma śāśvatam
A Brahma/za who serves his teacher till the dissolution of his body, reaches forthwith the eternal mansion of Brahman.
- 2.245
न पूर्वं गुरवे किं चिदुपकुर्वीत धर्मवित् ।स्नास्यंस्तु गुरुणाज्ञप्तः शक्त्या गुर्वर्थं आहरेत्
na pūrvaṃ gurave kiṃ cidupakurvīta dharmavit |snāsyaṃstu guruṇājñaptaḥ śaktyā gurvarthaṃ āharet
He who knows the sacred law must hot present any gift to his teacher before (the Samavar- tana) ; but when, with the permission of his teacher, he is about to take the (final) bath, let him procure
- 2.246
क्षेत्रं हिरण्यं गां अश्वं छत्रोपानहं आसनम् ।धान्यं शाकं च वासांसि गुरवे प्रीतिं आवहेत्
kṣetraṃ hiraṇyaṃ gāṃ aśvaṃ chatropānahaṃ āsanam |dhānyaṃ śākaṃ ca vāsāṃsi gurave prītiṃ āvahet
(Viz.) a field, gold, a cow, a horse, a parasol and shoes, a seat, grain, (even) vegetables, (and thus) give pleasure to his teacher. .
- 2.247
आचार्ये तु खलु प्रेते गुरुपुत्रे गुणान्विते ।गुरुदारे सपिण्डे वा गुरुवद्वृत्तिं आचरेत्
ācārye tu khalu prete guruputre guṇānvite |gurudāre sapiṇḍe vā guruvadvṛttiṃ ācaret
(A perpetual student) must, if his teacher dies, serve his son (provided he be) endowed with good qualities, or his widow, or his Sapi^a, in the same manner as the teacher.
- 2.248
एतेष्वविद्यमानेषु स्थानासनविहारवान् ।प्रयुञ्जानोऽग्निशुश्रूषां साधयेद्देहं आत्मनः
eteṣvavidyamāneṣu sthānāsanavihāravān |prayuñjāno'gniśuśrūṣāṃ sādhayeddehaṃ ātmanaḥ
Should none of these be alive, he must serve the sacred fire, standing (by day) and sitting (during the night), arid thus finish his life.
- 2.249
एवं चरति यो विप्रो ब्रह्मचर्यं अविप्लुतः ।स गच्छत्युत्तमस्थानं न चेह जायते पुनः
evaṃ carati yo vipro brahmacaryaṃ aviplutaḥ |sa gacchatyuttamasthānaṃ na ceha jāyate punaḥ
A Brahma^a who thus passes his life as a student without breaking his vow, reaches (after death) the highest abode and will not be born again in this world.